Types of Observation Flashcards
Definition of an observation
The study of observable behaviour within a natural or controlled setting.
Provides the psychologist with a way of seeing what people do without asking them.
Naturalistic observation
Occurs in a setting where the target behaviour would usually occur.
All aspects of the environment are free to vary
Strengths of a natural observation
Happens in their normal environment- likely to show valid behaviours.
Participants are less likely to know they are being observed- behaviours will be genuine
Useful for unethical situations
Weaknesses of a natural observation
EVs cannot be controlled
Difficult for reliable data collection
If observers are identified the validity will be compromised.
Controlled observation
Some variables are controlled (such as confounding variables)
And some variables are manipulated.
Strengths of a controlled observation
Data is likely to be reliable- has a specific focus which allows data to be collected in a consistent manner
EVs can be controlled, increased validity.
Large range of behaviours can be collected.
Easy to replicate
Weaknesses of a controlled observation
Participants are not in a useful environment and therefore may act unusually.
Participants are aware they are being observed, may not react normally.
Difficult to represent the reality of realism
Covert observations
No consent given by participants
Unaware they are taking part in an observation
Behaviour must be public and happening naturally to remain ethical
Strengths of covert observations
High validity- actions are likely to be natural
Less effect of demand characteristics.
Weaknesses of covert observations
Ethical issues- they have not given consent
If the participant discovers the observer they may change their behaviour
Overt observations
Participants are aware they are being observed and have given informed consent.
Strengths of overt observations
Low risk of ethical issues as participants are aware they are being observed.
If the observation is long, they may forget the observer is present and behave more naturally.
Weaknesses of overt observations
Increase in social desirability as they know they are being studied.
Increase in demand characteristics.
Participant observations
The observer becomes part of the group they are observing
Strengths of participant observations
Can be used when there is no other alternative
Greater detail and accuracy as observer is involved
