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Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue > Types of Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Types of Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

Which of the three types of muscles tissue are muscle fibers?

A

Skeletal and Smooth muscles are elongated which are muscles fibers.

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle (Voluntary muscles)

A

is packages into skeletal muscles and are organs that are attached to bones and skin and cover the bones
single, very long, multinucleate

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers

A

the longest of all muscles and have striations (strips)

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5
Q

skeletal muscle(Voluntary muscles)

A

can be consciously controlled

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6
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

contract fast, tired easily and powerful or strong

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7
Q

What is the keyword for skeletal muscle?

A

skeletal, striated, and voluntary

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8
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Striated
found only in the heart. makeup bulks of the heart walls.
uni or binucleate

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9
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue(Involuntary)

A

cannot be controlled consciously.

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10
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue(contractions)

A

contract at steady rate due to heart’s own pacemaker(SA node).
NV can increases the rate.

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11
Q

What are the keywords for cardiac muscle?

A

cardiac, striated, and involuntary

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12
Q

Smooth muscle tissues

A

found in walls of hollow organs
Examples: stomach, urinary bladder, and airways.
Not striated.
single spindle-shaped and uninucleate.

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13
Q

Smooth muscle tissues (Involuntary)

A

cannot be controlled consciously.

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14
Q

What are the keywords for smooth muscle?

A

visceral, nonstriated and involuntary

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15
Q

Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

A

Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

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16
Q

Excitability

A

(responsiveness): ability to receive and respond to stimuli

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17
Q

Contractility

A

ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

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18
Q

Extensibility

A

ability to be stretched

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19
Q

Elasticity

A

ability to recoil to resting length

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20
Q

Four Important Function

A

Produce movement
Maintain posture and body position
Stabilize joints
Generate heat as they contract

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21
Q

Produce movement (examples)

A

Responsible for all locomotion and manipulation

Example: walking, digesting, pumping blood

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22
Q

Skeletal Muscle Anatomy

A

Skeletal muscle is an organ made up of different tissues with three features

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23
Q

What is the three features of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Nerve and blood supply, connective tissue sheaths, and attachments

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24
Q

Nerve of skeletal muscle

A

Each muscle receives a nerve, artery, and vein.

Consciously controlled skeletal muscle has nerves supplying every fiber to control activity

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25
Q

Blood Supply of skeletal muscle

A

Contracting muscle fibers require huge amounts of oxygen and nutrients.

Also, need waste products removed quickly(Metabolic wastes)

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26
Q

Connective Tissue Sheaths

A

Muscles fibers and skeletal muscles are covered in connective tissue.

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27
Q

The function of the Connective tissues in the skeletal muscle?

A

Support cells and reinforce whole muscle which prevents the bulging muscles from nursing during exceptionally strong connections.

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28
Q

Sheaths from external to internal

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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29
Q

Epimysium

A

dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle; may blend with fascia

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30
Q

Perimysium

A

fibrous connective tissue surrounding fascicles (groups of muscle fibers).

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31
Q

Endomysium

A

fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

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32
Q

Attachments

A

Muscles span joints and attach to bones

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33
Q

What are the two-place muscles attach to bones

A

Insertion and origin

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34
Q

Insertion

A

attachment to the movable bone

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35
Q

Origin

A

attachment to the immovable or less movable bone

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36
Q

Attachments can be direct or indirect

A

Direct (fleshy): epimysium fused to the periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartilage

Indirect: connective tissue wrappings extend beyond muscle as ropelike tendon or sheetlike aponeurosis. (more common)

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37
Q

Muscle Fiber Microanatomy

A

Skeletal muscle fibers are long, cylindrical cells that contain multiple nuclei

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38
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

muscle fiber cytoplasm

Contains many glycosomes for glycogen storage, as well as myoglobin for O2 storage

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39
Q

Modified organelles

A

Myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
T tubules

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40
Q

Myofibrils

A

Densely packed, rodlike elements.

Single muscle fiber can contain 1000s.

Accounts for ~80% of muscle cell volume

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41
Q

Myofibril features

A

Striations
Sarcomeres
Myofilaments
Molecular composition of myofilaments

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42
Q

Striations(Myofibril features)

A

stripes formed from repeating series of dark and light bands along length of each myofibril

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43
Q

A bands

A

dark regions

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44
Q

H zone

A

lighter region in middle of dark A band

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45
Q

M line

A

line of protein (myomesin) that bisects H zone vertically

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46
Q

I bands

A

lighter regions

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47
Q

Z disc (line)

A

coin-shaped sheet of proteins on midline of light I band

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48
Q

Sarcomere

A

Smallest contractile unit (functional unit) of muscle fiber

Contains A band with half of an I band at each end

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49
Q

What does sarcomere consist of?

A

Consists area between Z discs

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50
Q

Individual Sarcomere

A

Individual sarcomeres align end to end along myofibril, like boxcars of train.

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51
Q

Myofilaments

A

Orderly arrangement of actin and myosin myofilaments within sarcomere.

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52
Q

Actin myofilaments

A

thin filaments.

Extend across I band and partway in A band.

Anchored to Z discs

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53
Q

Myosin myofilaments

A

thick filaments.
Extend length of A band.
Connected at M line.

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54
Q

Sarcomere cross

A

section shows hexagonal arrangement of one thick filament surrounded by six thin filaments

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55
Q

Molecular composition of myofilaments

A

Thick filaments

56
Q

Thick filaments(Myosin myofilaments) are composed of?

A

composed of protein myosin that contains two heavy and four light polypeptide chains

57
Q

Heavy chains of thick filaments.

A

intertwine to form myosin tail

58
Q

Light chains of thick filaments?

A

form myosin globular head

59
Q

What happens during contraction of the thick filaments?

A

During contraction, heads link thick and thin filaments together, forming cross-bridges.
Myosins are offset from each other, resulting in staggered array of heads at different points along thick filament

60
Q

Thin filaments(Actin myofilaments)

A

composed of fibrous protein actin

61
Q

Actin is

A

polypeptide made up of kidney-shaped G actin (globular) subunits

62
Q

G actin

A

subunits bears active sites for myosin head attachment during contraction.
subunits link together to form long, fibrous F actin (filamentous)

63
Q

F actin

A

Two strands twist together to form a thin filament

64
Q

Tropomyosin and Troponin

A

regulatory proteins bound to actin.

65
Q

Other proteins

A

help form the structure of the myofibril

66
Q

Elastic filament

A

composed of protein titin

Holds thick filaments in place; helps recoil after stretch; resists excessive stretching

67
Q

Dystrophin

A

Links thin filaments to proteins of sarcolemma

68
Q

Nebulin, myomesin, and C proteins

A

proteins bind filaments or sarcomeres together.

Maintain alignment of sarcomere

69
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

A

is most common and serious form of muscular dystrophies, muscle-destroying diseases that generally appear during childhood

70
Q

How does someone get (DMD)

A

Inherited as a sex-linked recessive disease, so almost exclusively in males (1 in 3600 births).

71
Q

At what age does DMD appears?

A

between 2 and 7 years old when boy becomes clumsy and falls frequently .

72
Q

Disease progresses(DMD)

A

from extremities upward, finally affecting head, chest muscles, and cardiac muscle.

73
Q

Treatment of DMD

A

With supportive care, people with DMD can live into 30s and beyond.
chest muscles, and cardiac muscle

74
Q

Causes of DMV

A

defective gene for dystrophin, a protein that links thin filaments to extracellular matrix and helps stabilize sarcolemma
Sarcolemma of DMD patients tear easily, allowing entry of excess calcium which damages contractile fibers

75
Q

defined Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum tubules surrounding each myofibril.
Most run longitudinally

76
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Terminal cisterns form perpendicular cross channels at the A–I band junction

77
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum function

A

regulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels

Stores and releases Ca2+

78
Q

T tubules

A

formed by protrusion of sarcolemma deep into cell interior

79
Q

T tubules increase

A

muscle fiber’s surface area greatly

80
Q

T tubules(Lumen)

A

continuous with extracellular space

81
Q

What does T tubules allow?

A

electrical nerve transmissions to reach deep into interior of each muscle fiber

82
Q

Tubules penetrate cell’s

A

interior at each A–I band junction between terminal cisterns

83
Q

Triad

A

area formed from terminal cistern of one sarcomere, T tubule, and terminal cistern of neighboring sarcomere

84
Q

Triad(Relationship)

A

T tubule contains integral membrane proteins that protrude into intermembrane space (space between tubule and muscle fiber sarcolemma)
Tubule proteins act as voltage sensors that change shape in response to an electrical current

85
Q

Triad(Relationship) SR

A

cistern membranes also have integral membrane proteins that protrude into intermembrane space.

SR integral proteins control opening of calcium channels in SR cisterns

86
Q

Triad(Relationship) electrical

A

When an electrical impulse passes by, T tubule proteins change shape, causing SR proteins to change shape, causing release of calcium into cytoplasm

87
Q

Sliding Filament Model of Contraction

A

the activation of cross bridges to generate force

88
Q

Shortening of Sliding Filament Mode

A

occurs when tension generated by cross bridges on thin filaments exceeds forces opposing shortening

89
Q

when does contraction ends?

A

ends when cross bridges become inactive(relax).

90
Q

Relaxed state of Sliding Filament Mode

A

thin and thick filaments overlap only slightly at ends of A band

91
Q

Sliding filament model of contraction

A

states that during contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments, causing actin and myosin to overlap more.

Neither thick nor thin filaments change length, just overlap more

92
Q

When nervous system stimulates muscle fiber

A

, myosin heads are allowed to bind to actin, forming cross bridges, which cause sliding (contraction) process to begin

93
Q

Cross bridge attachments

A

attachments form and break several times, each time pulling thin filaments a little closer toward center of sarcome in a ratcheting action.

Causes shortening of muscle fiber

94
Q

Z discs (Sliding filament model of contraction )

A

are pulled toward M line

95
Q

I bands (Sliding filament model of contraction)

A

shorten

96
Q

Z discs (Sliding filament model of contraction)

A

become closer

97
Q

H zones (Sliding filament model of contraction)

A

disappear

98
Q

A bands (Sliding filament model of contraction)

A

move closer to each other.

99
Q

Muscle Fiber Contraction

A

Decision to move is activated by brain, signal is transmitted down spinal cord to motor neurons which then activate muscle fibers

100
Q

Neurons and muscle cells

A

excitable cells capable of action potentials.

Excitable cells are capable of changing resting membrane potential voltages.

101
Q

AP crosses

A

from neuron to muscle cell via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)

102
Q

Ion Channels

A

Play the major role in changing of membrane potentials

103
Q

What are the two classes of ion channels?

A

Chemically gated ion channels and Voltage-gated ion channels

104
Q

Chemically gated ion channels and example

A

opened by chemical messengers such as neurotransmitters

Example: ACh receptors on muscle cells

105
Q

Voltage-gated ion channels

A

open or close in response to voltage changes in membrane potential.

106
Q

Anatomy of Motor Neurons

A

Skeletal muscles are stimulated by somatic motor neurons

107
Q

Axons

A

(long, threadlike extensions of motor neurons) travel from central nervous system to skeletal muscle.
Each axon divides into many branches as it enters muscle

108
Q

neuromuscular junction or motor end plate

A

Axon branches end on muscle fiber, forming.

Each muscle fiber has one neuromuscular junction with one motor neuron.

109
Q

Axon terminal (end of axon)

A

Muscle fiber are separated by gel-filled space called synaptic cleft

110
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

Stored within axon terminals are membrane-bound.

111
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitter

112
Q

Junctional folds

A

Infoldings of sarcolemma

contain millions of ACh receptors

113
Q

NMJ

A

NMJ consists of axon terminals, synaptic cleft, and junctional folds

114
Q

Four steps must occur for skeletal muscle to contract:

A

Events at neuromuscular junction
Muscle fiber excitation
Excitation-contraction coupling
Cross bridge cycling

115
Q

First events at the Neuromuscular Junction

A

AP arrives at axon terminal

116
Q

Seconds events at the Neuromuscular Junction

A

Voltage-gated calcium channels open, calcium enters motor neuron

117
Q

Third events at the Neuromuscular Junction

A

Calcium entry causes release of ACh neurotransmitter into synpatic cleft

118
Q

Fourth events at the Neuromuscular Junction

A

ACh diffuses across to ACh receptors (Na+ chemical gates) on sarcolemma

119
Q

Fifths events at the Neuromuscular Junction

A

ACh binding to receptors, opens gates, allowing Na+ to enter resulting in end plate potential

120
Q

Six events at the Neuromuscular Junction

A

Acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh.

121
Q

Many toxins, drugs, and diseases

A

interfere with events at the neuromuscular junction.

122
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

disease characterized by drooping upper eyelids, difficulty swallowing and talking, and generalized muscle weakness

123
Q

Myasthenia gravis involves shortage

A

Ach receptors because person’s ACh receptors are attacked by own antibodies

124
Q

Suggests this

A

an autoimmune disease

125
Q

Resting sarcolemma

A

is polarized, meaning a voltage exists across membrane.

Inside of cell is negative compared to outside.

126
Q

Action potential

A

is caused by changes in electrical charges

127
Q

Occurs in three steps

A

Generation of end plate potential
Depolarization
Repolarization

128
Q

End plate potential

A

ACh released from motor neuron binds to ACh receptors on sarcolemma

129
Q

End plate potential Causes

A

Causes chemically gated ion channels (ligands) on sarcolemma to open
Na+ diffuses into muscle fiber

130
Q

End plate potential diffuses.

A

Some K+ diffuses outward, but not much

Because Na+ diffuses in, interior of sarcolemma becomes less negative (more positive)

131
Q

Depolarization

A

Generation and propagation of an action potential (AP).

132
Q

Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling

A

events that transmit AP along sarcolemma (excitation) are coupled to sliding of myofilaments (contraction).

133
Q

AP

A

is propagated along sarcolemma and down into T tubules, where voltage-sensitive proteins in tubules stimulate Ca2+ release from SR

134
Q

AP

A

Ca2+ release leads to contraction

135
Q

AP is brief

A

AP is brief and ends before contraction is seen

Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue (5 decks)

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