types of long term memory

Question 1

What are the types of long-term memory?

Answer 1

Episodic, semantic, procedural.

Question 2

What is long-term memory?

Answer 2

Memories that are stored over an extended period.

Question 3

What is episodic memory?

Answer 3

A long-term memory store for personal events, including when events occurred and details about people, objects, places, and behaviors involved.

Question 4

How must episodic memories be retrieved?

Answer 4

Consciously and with effort.

Question 5

What is semantic memory?

Answer 5

A long-term memory store for knowledge of the world, including facts and meanings of words and concepts.

Question 6

How are semantic memories usually recalled?

Answer 6

Deliberately.

Question 7

What is procedural memory?

Answer 7

A long-term memory store for knowledge of how to do things, including learned skills.

Question 8

How is recall of procedural memories typically achieved?

Answer 8

Without making a conscious or deliberate effort.

Question 9

What is the duration for memories to be classified as long-term?

Answer 9

Above 30 seconds.

Question 10

What are the two main types of long-term memory?

Answer 10

Declarative (explicit) and procedural (implicit) memories.

Question 11

What are explicit memories?

Answer 11

Memories that can be inspected and recalled consciously, such as episodic and semantic memory.

Question 12

What are implicit memories?

Answer 12

Memories that are unable to be consciously recalled, such as procedural memory.

Question 13

What does episodic memory cover?

Answer 13

Any event that can be reported from a person’s life, including times and places involved.

Question 14

What is an example of episodic memory?

Answer 14

Recalling a visit to the zoo with a friend last week.

This memory is ‘time stamped’.

Question 15

Which brain areas are involved in episodic memory?

Answer 15

The prefrontal cortex for initial coding, and the neocortex and hippocampus for consolidation and storage.

Question 16

What does semantic memory involve?

Answer 16

Conscious recall of facts that have meaning.

Question 17

Give an example of semantic memory.

Answer 17

Recalling that you listen to music using your ears.

This does not require knowing when or where you learned this fact.

Question 18

What brain regions are involved in semantic memory?

Answer 18

The hippocampus, frontal lobes, and temporal lobes are thought to be involved in semantic memory.

Question 19

What is procedural memory?

Answer 19

Procedural memory describes the implicit knowledge of tasks that usually do not require conscious recall to perform them.

Question 20

Can you give an example of procedural memory?

Answer 20

One example would be riding a bike - you might struggle to consciously remember how to perform the task, but individuals can unconsciously perform it with relative ease.

Question 21

How does procedural memory relate to language?

Answer 21

Procedural memory is involved with language as it helps people to speak automatically without thinking how to do so.

Question 22

What advantage does procedural memory provide?

Answer 22

As procedural memory does not require conscious thought, it permits people to simultaneously perform other cognitive tasks that require attention.

Question 23

Which brain regions are thought to be involved with procedural memory?

Answer 23

The neocortex including the primary motor cortex, cerebellum, and prefrontal cortex are thought to be involved with procedural memory.

Question 24

What did Tulving (1989) find regarding episodic and semantic memory?

Answer 24

Tulving found that there was greater activation in the frontal lobes during thinking about episodic memories and greater activation in the posterior region when retrieving semantic information.

Question 25

What gender differences were found in episodic LTM tasks?

Answer 25

In a study of 1000 Swedish participants, females consistently performed better than males on tasks requiring episodic LTM, although there was no difference for semantic memory.

Question 26

Is the separation of episodic and semantic memory systems clear?

Answer 26

The extent to which episodic and semantic memory systems are separate is unclear, as there is overlap between the two systems.

Question 27

How do semantic memories relate to episodic memories?

Answer 27

Semantic memories often clearly originate in episodic memory.

Question 28

What evidence supports the idea that different types of long-term memory (LTM) are separate systems?

Answer 28

Studies show that individuals with brain damage demonstrate deficiencies in episodic functions while retaining the ability to create and recall semantic memories. This suggests that semantic memories may involve a network of associated links across different brain areas rather than being localized to a single area.

Question 29

What does the case of HM illustrate about procedural memory?

Answer 29

HM could learn new procedural memories but was unable to recall episodic or semantic memories. He improved at tasks like drawing by looking in a mirror but could not remember performing the task previously.

Question 30

What is Cohen and Squire’s argument against Tulving’s division of LTM?

Answer 30

Cohen and Squire argue that there should be two types of LTM: declarative (semantic and episodic) and non-declarative (procedural) because episodic and semantic memories are difficult to separate and are both stored in the prefrontal cortex.

Question 31

Why do procedural memories take longer to learn compared to other types of LTM?

Answer 31

Procedural memories involve motor functions and spatial abilities, which may require more time to develop than episodic and semantic memories.

Question 32

What are the limitations of case studies in supporting different types of LTM?

Answer 32

Case studies of individuals with brain damage lack control and do not provide clinical measurements before the damage, making it difficult to generalize findings to neurotypical individuals.

Question 33

How has identifying different types of memory contributed to treatment development?

Answer 33

Research by Belleville et al. (2006) showed that episodic memories could be improved in individuals with mild cognitive impairment through training in different memory techniques, leading to better performance on episodic memory tests.