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the multi-store model of memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)?

A

A presentation of how memory works, including sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).

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2
Q

What is the Sensory Register (SR)?

A

The home for information received by the senses, holding it for about half a second.

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3
Q

What is the capacity and duration of the Sensory Register?

A

Capacity is limited, holding around 9 items on average, with a duration of approximately half a second.

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4
Q

What is Short-Term Memory (STM)?

A

A temporary storage system for information, primarily encoded acoustically.

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5
Q

What is the capacity and duration of Short-Term Memory?

A

Capacity is limited, typically around 7 items, and duration is between 18 and 30 seconds.

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6
Q

What is Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

A

A permanent memory store with unlimited capacity, capable of storing memories for a lifetime.

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7
Q

What is the Primacy Effect?

A

The tendency to recall information presented at the start of a list better than information presented in the middle or end.

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8
Q

What is the Recency Effect?

A

The tendency to recall information presented at the end of a list better than information presented at the start or middle.

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9
Q

What are the types of sensory stores in the Sensory Register?

A

Iconic (visual), echoic (auditory), haptic (touch), olfactory (smell), and gustatory (taste).

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10
Q

What is the role of attention in memory?

A

Attention is the key process that allows sensory information to move into Short-Term Memory (STM).

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11
Q

Who developed the Multi-Store Model of Memory?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968.

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12
Q

What is the duration for which information is stored in the sensory register (SR)?

A

Approximately half a second.

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13
Q

What does modality-specific mean in the context of sensory information?

A

It means that the storage of information depends on the sense.

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14
Q

What type of information does the iconic store hold?

A

Visual information.

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15
Q

What type of information does the echoic store hold?

A

Auditory information.

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16
Q

What type of information does the haptic store hold?

A

Touch information.

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17
Q

What type of information does the olfactory store hold?

A

Smells.

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18
Q

What type of information does the gustatory store hold?

A

Taste information.

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19
Q

What happens to sensory information if it is attended to?

A

It moves into the short-term memory (STM) for temporary storage.

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20
Q

How is information primarily encoded in short-term memory (STM)?

A

Acoustically, as a sound.

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21
Q

What is the key process that allows sensory information to move to STM?

A

Attention.

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22
Q

How is information coded in Short-Term Memory (STM)?

A

Information in STM is mainly coded acoustically.

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23
Q

What is the duration of information in STM?

A

STM has a duration of approximately 18-30 seconds.

24
Q

What is the capacity of STM?

A

STM is believed to have a capacity of 5 to 9 items, which can be increased through ‘chunking’.

25
Q

What is ‘chunking’ in the context of STM?

A

‘Chunking’ involves converting a string of items into several larger ‘chunks’, e.g., number 343565787 to 343 565 787.

26
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Maintenance rehearsal occurs when people repeat material repeatedly.

27
Q

How does rehearsal help with memory retention?

A

Rehearsing information via the rehearsal loop helps to retain information in the STM. If rehearsed long enough, it is consolidated to Long-Term Memory (LTM).

28
Q

How is information coded in Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

A

LTM is predominantly coded semantically, i.e., with reference to meaning.

29
Q

What is the duration and capacity of LTM?

A

Information in LTM is thought to be stored and retrieved for up to any duration and has a seemingly unlimited capacity.

30
Q

What does the Multi-Store Model (MSM) suggest about memory retrieval?

A

According to the MSM, information can be retrieved from LTM and brought back to STM.

31
Q

What are the Primacy and Recency Effects in recall?

A

People are more likely to recall information if it was either the first or last ‘thing’ they were exposed to.

32
Q

What is the significance of the Primacy and Recency Effect?

A

It is a form of cognitive bias thought to be due to how information is processed and stored in memory.

33
Q

How did Murdock study the Primacy and Recency Effects?

A

Murdock presented participants with lists of 10 to 40 words, one word at a time, at a rate of one word per second.

34
Q

What did Murdock find regarding word recall?

A

The probability of recalling any word depended on its position in the list; early (primacy effect) or late (recency effect) words were more often recalled.

35
Q

What happens to words in the middle of the list according to Murdock’s findings?

A

Words in the middle were more often forgotten because they were held in STM for too long but not long enough to be transferred to LTM.

36
Q

Why is recalling the first and last pieces of information significant?

A

It is thought to indicate recalling information from two separate stores (STM and LTM), supporting the MSM.

37
Q

What was the purpose of H.M.’s surgery?

A

To relieve epilepsy.

Unfortunately, the hippocampi were removed.

38
Q

What is now known about the hippocampi?

A

They are central to memory function.

39
Q

What did H.M. believe about the year and his age after the surgery?

A

He thought the year was 1953 and that he was 27 years old (he was actually 31).

40
Q

What type of memory could H.M. not form after the surgery?

A

New long-term memory (LTM).

41
Q

How did H.M. perform on tests of immediate memory span?

A

He performed well, indicating that his short-term memory (STM) was unaffected.

42
Q

What does H.M.’s case support regarding memory stores?

A

It supports the Multi-Store Model (MSM), suggesting that STM and LTM are separate stores.

43
Q

What caused K.F.’s brain damage?

A

A motorcycle accident.

44
Q

What was found about K.F.’s STM for digits?

A

It was very poor when digits were read out loud to him.

45
Q

How was K.F.’s LTM affected by his injury?

A

His long-term memory (LTM) remained unaffected.

46
Q

What does K.F.’s case suggest about STM?

A

It suggests that there may be different types of STM, as he could remember information if he read digits to himself.

47
Q

What evidence supports the idea of distinct STM and LTM systems?

A

Case studies like H.M. and K.F. show that STM and LTM can be affected differently.

48
Q

What did Clive Wearing’s case reveal about LTM?

A

He could not recall episodic memories but could remember how to walk and play the piano.

49
Q

What was Clive Wearing unable to transfer from STM?

A

He was unable to transfer STM into LTM.

50
Q

What could Clive Wearing remember?

A

Semantic memory- facts and knowledge about the world.
Procedural memory- remembered how to walk and play piano

51
Q

What does the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory explain?

A

The MSM explains memory in terms of structure, consisting of three memory stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).

52
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

The serial position effect is a phenomenon where items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list are recalled better than those in the middle.
This supports the idea of separate STM and LTM stores.

53
Q

What are the criticisms of the MSM?

A

The MSM has been criticized for being too simplistic and reductionist, assuming a single STM and LTM store, while research suggests memory is more complex.

54
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about information to keep it in STM and transfer it to LTM.

55
Q

What does Craik and Watkins argue is necessary for transferring information into LTM?

A

Elaborative rehearsal involves thinking about the meaning of the information and linking it to existing knowledge for better long-term storage.
Craik and Watkins (1973) argue it is necessary for transferring information to LTM.

56
Q

How does the MSM view memory processes?

A

The MSM primarily focuses on the structure of memory rather than the processes involved in memory formation and retrieval.

psychology - memory (2 decks)

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