TYPES OF LONG TERM MEMORY

Question 1

what did Tulving state?

Answer 1

• realized MSM’s view of LTM was too simplistic
• proposed 3 types of LTM stores (procedural, semantic, episodic)

Question 2

what are the 3 types of LTM?

Answer 2

• episodic
• semantic
• procedural

Question 3

what is the episodic memory?

Answer 3

• LTM store for personal events which are time stamped (when events occurred, who was involved etc)
• these memories must be retrieved consciously/with effort
• declarative memory

Question 4

what is semantic memory?

Answer 4

• LTM store for knowledge of the world, including facts, definitions, etc
• must be recalled consciously/with effort
• declarative memory

Question 5

what is procedural memory?

Answer 5

• LTM store for knowledge of how to do things and are recalled without conscious effort eventually
• implicit memory

Question 6

what part of Henry Molasion’s (HM’s) brain was damaged?

Answer 6

the hippocampus

Question 7

how do the cases of HM and Clive Wearing support the different types of LTM?

Answer 7

• both men remembered meanings of words, so semantic store still in tact
• both men remembered how to do certain things, so procedural store still in tact
• both could not remember personal events, meaning episodic store had been destroyed

Question 8

what do the cases of HM and Clive Wearing suggest about where episodic memories are stored?

Answer 8

• the Hippocampus

Question 9

where are semantic memories stored?

Answer 9

left prefrontal cortex

Question 10

where are episodic memories stored?

Answer 10

right prefrontal cortex

Question 11

where are procedural memories stored?

Answer 11

cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 12

state a benefit of being able to identify different aspects of LTM

Answer 12

allows for specific treatments for each store to be developed

Question 13

what is a disadvantage for clinical evidence?

Answer 13

• lack of control variables
• brain injuries often unexpected, so no way of controlling what happened to the participant before/during the injury
• no way of knowing their memory before the accident, so judging exact damage is difficult

Question 14

what did Tulving find about episodic memory?

Answer 14

• found episodic memory to be a specialized subcategory of semantic memory
• some cases of amnesia had functioning semantic memory with a damaged episodic memory
• but not possible to have a functioning episodic memory with damaged semantic memory

Question 15

what did Hodges and Patterson find about the episodic memory store?

Answer 15

• some people with Alzheimer’s could form new episodic memories, but not semantic
• suggests that episodic and semantic memories are different stores of

Question 16

outline a limitation on neuroimaging

Answer 16

• conflicting research on each store’s area in the brain
• Buckner and Petersen found semantic memories in left prefrontal cortex and episodic memories on the right
• Tulving found the left prefrontal cortex to encode episodic memories and the right prefrontal cortex with episodic retrieval
• challenges neurophysical evidence, due to poor agreement on location of each type