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injury prevention and rehabilitation > types of injuries > Flashcards

types of injuries Flashcards

1
Q

fractures

A
  • Partial or complete break in a bone due to excessive force that overcomes the bone’s potential to flex
  • All fractures are acute and impact hard tissue (bone)
  • Could be due to direct (collision or object) or indirect (falling or poor technique) force
  • Sport example - gymnast falling of the the uneven or parallel bars onto wrist
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2
Q

symptoms of fractures

A
  • Swelling
  • Redness/Discolouration
  • Pain at site
  • Inability to move or unnatural movements
  • Deformation
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3
Q

types of fractures

A
  • Simple/Closed - break of bone without damage to surrounding tissue or breaking skin
  • Compound/Open - bone pierces the skin (visible), causing an open wound with a high risk of infection
  • Incomplete/Greenstick - bone cracks and bends (splintering), common in children as bones are not fully developed
  • Complete - break of bone into 2 separate pieces
  • Transverse - break perpendicular respectively across the length of the bone
  • Oblique - break perpendicular, diagonal or twisting diagonal across the length of the bone
  • Avulsion - bone fragment detached at the site of connective tissue attachments
  • Impacted- break caused by ends of bone being compressed together
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4
Q

prevention for fractures

A
  • Weight bearing exercises
  • Improving flexibility and balance
  • Healthy diet
  • Regular exercise
  • Proper technique
  • Adequate rest
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5
Q

treatment for fractures

A
  • Splints to prevent movement
  • Braces/Plaster cast to support bone
  • Surgery to correct bone alignment (pins/plates/rods)
  • Medication for pain
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6
Q

contusion/bruise

A
  • Bruise: an area of skin discoloration caused by rupturing of blood vessels
  • Contusion: medical term for a bruise
  • Result of a direct blow or an impact, such as a fall, to the soft tissue
  • Sport example - hockey ball hitting thigh
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7
Q

symptoms of contusions/bruises

A
  • Swelling
  • Skin discolouration
  • Pain at site
  • Possible deformation
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8
Q

prevention for contusions/bruises

A
  • Wearing appropriate kit
  • Healthy diet
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9
Q

treatment for contusions/bruises

A
  • RICE
  • Pain medication
  • Massage
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10
Q

sprain

A
  • Damage caused by an overstretch or tear to the ligaments connecting bones and supporting joints
  • Usually caused by a sudden twist, impact or gall that forces the joint beyond its extreme range of motion
  • Most common in ankles but can occur in knees and thumbs as well
  • Sport example - rolling ankle when performing dodge in netball
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11
Q

symptoms of sprains

A
  • Swelling
  • Pain at site
  • Bruising
  • Inability to move or unnatural movements
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12
Q

prevention for sprains

A
  • Stretching/Strengthening exercises
  • Proper fitting shoes
  • Correct warm up/cool down
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13
Q

treatment for sprains

A
  • RICE
  • Pain relief medication
  • Physiotherapy
  • Massage
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14
Q

strain

A
  • Overstretching or tear in the muscle or tendon that is common in dynamic sports and explosive movements
  • Grade 1: slight damage to your muscle fibres
  • Grade 2: more of your muscle fibres are injured, pain and you may have a bruise and some swelling.
  • Grade 3: full tear of your muscle. You may have felt or heard a popping sensation, may lose all strength in your muscle so you can’t use it
  • Sport example - hamstring tear when sprinting in athletics
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15
Q

symptoms of strains

A
  • Pain
  • Tenderness to touch
  • Swelling
  • Bruising – it can take up to 24 hours before you can see the full bruise
  • Weakness/Loss of movement
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16
Q

prevention for strains

A
  • Proper technique
  • Performing correct warm ups/cool downs
  • Strengthening and stretching exercises
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17
Q

treatment for strains

A
  • RICE
  • Pain medications
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18
Q

types of chronic injuries

A
  • stress fractures
  • tendinosis (tendonitis)
  • bursitis
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19
Q

stress fracture

A
  • An overuse injury where the repetitive loading of a bone occurs at a greater rate than which the bone can repair
  • e.g. Stress fracture of tibia due to running
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20
Q

symptoms of stress fractures

A
  • Pain
  • swelling
  • warmth at site
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21
Q

tendinosis

A
  • A deterioration of the collagen within a tendon in response to overuse
  • e.g. Tennis elbow, Achilles tendinosis
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22
Q

symptoms of tendinosis

A
  • Swelling
  • intense pain
  • grating sensation on movement
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23
Q

bursitis

A
  • Inflammation of bursa (small sac of fluid) between tendon and bone
  • e.g. At the elbow from throwing (cricketer, javelin thrower)
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24
Q

symptoms of bursitis

A
  • Dull, achy pain
  • Tender and warm
  • Swollen or red
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25
Q

abrasion

A
  • Superficial damage to the skin caused by scraping against a surface.
  • Most places where this injury would occur are the the palms, knees, elbows.
  • The most common cause of abrasion injuries are falling/slipping/skidding or wearing tight fitting clothes
  • Sport example - cyclist falling during race
26
Q

symptoms of abrasions

A
  • Redness
  • Bleeding
  • Pain
27
Q

prevention for abrasions

A
  • Wearing long layers over skin or additional clothing to protect skin when falling over
  • Removing hazards from your environment to ensure that there is no risk of hurting yourself
  • Ensuring that your in a well lit area
  • Paying close attention to your surroundings
  • Wear proper fitting clothes
28
Q

treatment for abrasions

A
  • Rinse and clean the abrasion
  • Apply antibiotic cream to stop
  • Cover and protect the injury with a dressing to ensure that no infection develops
29
Q

blister

A
  • Small, fluid-filled pocket that forms in the upper layers of the skin caused by friction from the separation of skin layers where pockets of fluid
  • The fluid inside a blister is usually clear, but it can become cloudy or filled with pus if the blister becomes infected.
  • Sport example - marathon runner wearing incorrect socks
30
Q

symptoms of blisters

A
  • Tender to touch
  • Raised fluid filled bump
  • Red/White
  • Skin peeling away
31
Q

prevention for blisters

A
  • Wearing proper fitting equipment
  • Avoid tight fitting clothing or shoes
  • Thicker socks
  • Talcum powder
32
Q

treatment for blisters

A
  • Avoid popping or irritating
  • Cover the blister with a sterile, non-stick bandage or dressing to prevent further friction.
  • If the blister has opened, applying an over-the-counter antibiotic ointment may help prevent infection.
  • If big and painful, may need to be drained by GP
33
Q

concussion

A
  • A traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head, which causes the brain to rapidly hit the skull resulting in a disturbance to brain function.
  • Concussion can be caused either by a direct blow to the head or neck, or a hit elsewhere on the body with an impulsive force transmitted to the head.
  • Sport example - high tackle or head to head contact during rugby
34
Q

symptoms of concussion

A
  • Confusion/Memory loss
  • Nausea/Vomiting
  • Headache
  • Change in behaviour
  • Vision problems
  • Difficulty walking/talking
  • Difficulty sleeping or concentrating
  • Unconsciousness (rare)
35
Q

prevention for concussions

A
  • Use head protection, e.g: helmets/scrum caps
  • Rule changes in sport
  • Replace protective equipment when it is old, doesn’t fit correctly or is damaged
  • Remove players from the game who are suspected to have concussion
  • Coaches need to teach correct techniques
36
Q

treatment for concussions

A
  • Follow 6R’s protocol
  • Ice pack to reduce any swelling in the first few days
  • Rest/Time out of sport
  • Painkillers medication
  • Monitor for 24 hours
    Earliest return to sport:
  • Adults = 19 days
  • U19 = 23 days
37
Q

stress fracture

A
  • Tiny cracks in the surface of bone caused by overused muscles transferring their stress to the bone
  • Usually occurs in the lower leg
  • Can develop from normal use of a bone that’s weakened by osteoporosis
  • Common in marathon runners, basketball players, tennis, gymnastics
  • Sport example - basketball players repetitive stress of running without sufficient rest periods
38
Q

symptoms of stress fractures

A
  • Pain at site that worsens with exercise
  • Swelling
  • Tenderness to touch
  • Pain begins to develop during rest
39
Q

prevention for stress fractures

A
  • Make changes slowly, avoid increasing the amount you exercise by more than 10% a week.
  • Use proper footwear
  • Cross-train by adding low-impact activities
  • Unable to run a marathon until you are 18 year old
  • Adequate rest
40
Q

treatment for stress fractures

A
  • Rest
  • Ice
  • Resume activity slowly
  • Medication for pain
41
Q

shin splints/MTSS

A
  • Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) is a common overuse hard tissue injury in the tibia generally caused by inflammation or muscles and stress on tendon attachments to tibia surface, often caused by a sudden increase in the amount or intensity of exercise and running on uneven/hard surfaces
  • It occurs mostly in distance runners, dancers, footballers, gymnastics and those in the army
  • Sport example - marathon runners
42
Q

symptoms of shin splints/MTSS

A
  • Inflammation/Tenderness
  • Pain at front or outside (anterior shin splint) or inside (posterior shin splint) of shin
  • Muscle stiffness at night
43
Q

prevention for shin splints/MTSS

A
  • Wearing supportive shoes
  • Avoiding hard or uneven surfaces when running/walking
  • Rest between activities to allow recovery
  • Warm up and cool down
  • Slow increase to exercise intensity and duration
44
Q

treatment for shin splints/MTSS

A
  • RICE
  • Wearing supportive shoes
  • Painkillers
  • Low impact exercise like swimming or cycling
  • Strengthening & stretching of the muscles of the shin (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius & soleus)
45
Q

achilles tendonitis

A
  • Occurs when the tendon (connecting your calf to your heel) becomes swollen and painful near your heel. It is an overuse injury of the Achilles tendon (hard tissue).
  • Often caused by repetitive movements, quick changes in direction, sudden increase in activity
  • Sport example - tennis players making a quick acceleration towards ball
46
Q

symptoms of achilles tendonitis

A
  • Pain at heel on touch or during walking/running
  • Swelling
  • Limited range of motion during dorsiflexion (difficulty standing on toes)
47
Q

prevention for achilles tendonitis

A
  • Correct footwear
  • Improving technique
  • Changes to training programme
  • Flat surfaces
  • High and low impact exercises
  • Strengthen/Stretching calf muscles
  • Rest
  • Proper warm up/cool down
48
Q

treatment for achilles tendonitis

A
  • Medications to reduce inflammation and relieve pain
  • Physiotherapy(specific stretching and strengthening exercises)
  • PRP injections to speed up recovery process
  • Surgery (if the tendon has torn or physical therapy is ineffective)
49
Q

tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis

A
  • Pain on the outside of the elbow usually caused by overuse of the muscles that are attached to the elbow and that are used to extend your wrist.
  • Any activity that puts repeated stress on the elbow joint can cause it.
  • Sport example - badminton/tennis players
50
Q

symptoms of tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis

A
  • Swelling
  • Inflammation
  • Bony lump on outside of elbow
  • Pain when gripping small objects or rotating lower arm
  • Difficulting in lifting or bending/extending your arm
51
Q

prevention for tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis

A
  • Correct/Improved technique
  • Proper warm up/cool down
  • Rest
52
Q

treatment for tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis

A
  • Tennis elbow can get better without treatment
  • Cold compress
  • Paracetamol and ibuprofen may help to reduce pain and can also reduce inflammation
  • Physiotherapy
  • Rest/Time out of sport
53
Q

dislocation

A
  • Bone is displaced from another so moved from original position.
  • Can be caused by a direct force (e.g. collision) or indirect force (e.g. fall) pushing the joint past its extreme range of motion
  • Acute hard tissue injury that damages a joint that typically occurs in the shoulder, hip, knee, ankle, elbow and fingers/toes
  • Sport example - improper tackle resulting in shoulder dislocation in ruby
54
Q

symptoms of dislocations

A
  • Swelling
  • Pain at site
  • Loss of movement
  • Visible deformation
  • ‘Pop’ hear or felt
55
Q

prevention for dislocations

A
  • Strengthening of muscles surrounding joints
  • Protective clothing
  • Correct technique
  • Caution around surfaces
56
Q

treatment for dislocations

A
  • PRICE
  • Physiotherapy
  • Medically trained individual must realign bones at A&E
  • Possible surgery if there is damage to surrounding blood vessels/nerves
57
Q

subluxation

A
  • Incomplete or partial dislocation often leading to damaged ligaments
  • Joint begins to dislocate by contact between bones is not completely lost.
  • This means there is weaker/decreased joint stability and an increased risk of future dislocations
  • Sport example - falling on an outstretched arm during snowboarding
58
Q

symptoms of subluxation

A
  • Pain
  • Unstable feeling in joint (feels like it may “give out”)
  • Swelling
  • Limited range of motion
59
Q

prevention for subluxation

A
  • Joint protection such as knee braces or taped fingers
  • Muscle strengthening exercises
  • Correct technique
  • Caution around surfaces
  • Proper warm up/cool down
60
Q

treatment for subluxation

A
  • RICE
  • Medical professionals must realign bones
  • Medication for pain
  • Physiotherapy

injury prevention and rehabilitation (2 decks)

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