types of injuries Flashcards
1
Q
fractures
A
- Partial or complete break in a bone due to excessive force that overcomes the bone’s potential to flex
- All fractures are acute and impact hard tissue (bone)
- Could be due to direct (collision or object) or indirect (falling or poor technique) force
- Sport example - gymnast falling of the the uneven or parallel bars onto wrist
2
Q
symptoms of fractures
A
- Swelling
- Redness/Discolouration
- Pain at site
- Inability to move or unnatural movements
- Deformation
3
Q
types of fractures
A
- Simple/Closed - break of bone without damage to surrounding tissue or breaking skin
- Compound/Open - bone pierces the skin (visible), causing an open wound with a high risk of infection
- Incomplete/Greenstick - bone cracks and bends (splintering), common in children as bones are not fully developed
- Complete - break of bone into 2 separate pieces
- Transverse - break perpendicular respectively across the length of the bone
- Oblique - break perpendicular, diagonal or twisting diagonal across the length of the bone
- Avulsion - bone fragment detached at the site of connective tissue attachments
- Impacted- break caused by ends of bone being compressed together
4
Q
prevention for fractures
A
- Weight bearing exercises
- Improving flexibility and balance
- Healthy diet
- Regular exercise
- Proper technique
- Adequate rest
5
Q
treatment for fractures
A
- Splints to prevent movement
- Braces/Plaster cast to support bone
- Surgery to correct bone alignment (pins/plates/rods)
- Medication for pain
6
Q
contusion/bruise
A
- Bruise: an area of skin discoloration caused by rupturing of blood vessels
- Contusion: medical term for a bruise
- Result of a direct blow or an impact, such as a fall, to the soft tissue
- Sport example - hockey ball hitting thigh
7
Q
symptoms of contusions/bruises
A
- Swelling
- Skin discolouration
- Pain at site
- Possible deformation
8
Q
prevention for contusions/bruises
A
- Wearing appropriate kit
- Healthy diet
9
Q
treatment for contusions/bruises
A
- RICE
- Pain medication
- Massage
10
Q
sprain
A
- Damage caused by an overstretch or tear to the ligaments connecting bones and supporting joints
- Usually caused by a sudden twist, impact or gall that forces the joint beyond its extreme range of motion
- Most common in ankles but can occur in knees and thumbs as well
- Sport example - rolling ankle when performing dodge in netball
11
Q
symptoms of sprains
A
- Swelling
- Pain at site
- Bruising
- Inability to move or unnatural movements
12
Q
prevention for sprains
A
- Stretching/Strengthening exercises
- Proper fitting shoes
- Correct warm up/cool down
13
Q
treatment for sprains
A
- RICE
- Pain relief medication
- Physiotherapy
- Massage
14
Q
strain
A
- Overstretching or tear in the muscle or tendon that is common in dynamic sports and explosive movements
- Grade 1: slight damage to your muscle fibres
- Grade 2: more of your muscle fibres are injured, pain and you may have a bruise and some swelling.
- Grade 3: full tear of your muscle. You may have felt or heard a popping sensation, may lose all strength in your muscle so you can’t use it
- Sport example - hamstring tear when sprinting in athletics
15
Q
symptoms of strains
A
- Pain
- Tenderness to touch
- Swelling
- Bruising – it can take up to 24 hours before you can see the full bruise
- Weakness/Loss of movement
16
Q
prevention for strains
A
- Proper technique
- Performing correct warm ups/cool downs
- Strengthening and stretching exercises
17
Q
treatment for strains
A
- RICE
- Pain medications
18
Q
types of chronic injuries
A
- stress fractures
- tendinosis (tendonitis)
- bursitis
19
Q
stress fracture
A
- An overuse injury where the repetitive loading of a bone occurs at a greater rate than which the bone can repair
- e.g. Stress fracture of tibia due to running
20
Q
symptoms of stress fractures
A
- Pain
- swelling
- warmth at site
21
Q
tendinosis
A
- A deterioration of the collagen within a tendon in response to overuse
- e.g. Tennis elbow, Achilles tendinosis
22
Q
symptoms of tendinosis
A
- Swelling
- intense pain
- grating sensation on movement
23
Q
bursitis
A
- Inflammation of bursa (small sac of fluid) between tendon and bone
- e.g. At the elbow from throwing (cricketer, javelin thrower)
24
Q
symptoms of bursitis
A
- Dull, achy pain
- Tender and warm
- Swollen or red
25
abrasion
- Superficial damage to the skin caused by scraping against a surface.
- Most places where this injury would occur are the the palms, knees, elbows.
- The most common cause of abrasion injuries are falling/slipping/skidding or wearing tight fitting clothes
- Sport example - cyclist falling during race
26
symptoms of abrasions
- Redness
- Bleeding
- Pain
27
prevention for abrasions
- Wearing long layers over skin or additional clothing to protect skin when falling over
- Removing hazards from your environment to ensure that there is no risk of hurting yourself
- Ensuring that your in a well lit area
- Paying close attention to your surroundings
- Wear proper fitting clothes
28
treatment for abrasions
- Rinse and clean the abrasion
- Apply antibiotic cream to stop
- Cover and protect the injury with a dressing to ensure that no infection develops
29
blister
- Small, fluid-filled pocket that forms in the upper layers of the skin caused by friction from the separation of skin layers where pockets of fluid
- The fluid inside a blister is usually clear, but it can become cloudy or filled with pus if the blister becomes infected.
- Sport example - marathon runner wearing incorrect socks
30
symptoms of blisters
- Tender to touch
- Raised fluid filled bump
- Red/White
- Skin peeling away
31
prevention for blisters
- Wearing proper fitting equipment
- Avoid tight fitting clothing or shoes
- Thicker socks
- Talcum powder
32
treatment for blisters
- Avoid popping or irritating
- Cover the blister with a sterile, non-stick bandage or dressing to prevent further friction.
- If the blister has opened, applying an over-the-counter antibiotic ointment may help prevent infection.
- If big and painful, may need to be drained by GP
33
concussion
- A traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head, which causes the brain to rapidly hit the skull resulting in a disturbance to brain function.
- Concussion can be caused either by a direct blow to the head or neck, or a hit elsewhere on the body with an impulsive force transmitted to the head.
- Sport example - high tackle or head to head contact during rugby
34
symptoms of concussion
- Confusion/Memory loss
- Nausea/Vomiting
- Headache
- Change in behaviour
- Vision problems
- Difficulty walking/talking
- Difficulty sleeping or concentrating
- Unconsciousness (rare)
35
prevention for concussions
- Use head protection, e.g: helmets/scrum caps
- Rule changes in sport
- Replace protective equipment when it is old, doesn’t fit correctly or is damaged
- Remove players from the game who are suspected to have concussion
- Coaches need to teach correct techniques
36
treatment for concussions
- Follow 6R’s protocol
- Ice pack to reduce any swelling in the first few days
- Rest/Time out of sport
- Painkillers medication
- Monitor for 24 hours
Earliest return to sport:
- Adults = 19 days
- U19 = 23 days
37
stress fracture
- Tiny cracks in the surface of bone caused by overused muscles transferring their stress to the bone
- Usually occurs in the lower leg
- Can develop from normal use of a bone that's weakened by osteoporosis
- Common in marathon runners, basketball players, tennis, gymnastics
- Sport example - basketball players repetitive stress of running without sufficient rest periods
38
symptoms of stress fractures
- Pain at site that worsens with exercise
- Swelling
- Tenderness to touch
- Pain begins to develop during rest
39
prevention for stress fractures
- Make changes slowly, avoid increasing the amount you exercise by more than 10% a week.
- Use proper footwear
- Cross-train by adding low-impact activities
- Unable to run a marathon until you are 18 year old
- Adequate rest
40
treatment for stress fractures
- Rest
- Ice
- Resume activity slowly
- Medication for pain
41
shin splints/MTSS
- Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) is a common overuse hard tissue injury in the tibia generally caused by inflammation or muscles and stress on tendon attachments to tibia surface, often caused by a sudden increase in the amount or intensity of exercise and running on uneven/hard surfaces
- It occurs mostly in distance runners, dancers, footballers, gymnastics and those in the army
- Sport example - marathon runners
42
symptoms of shin splints/MTSS
- Inflammation/Tenderness
- Pain at front or outside (anterior shin splint) or inside (posterior shin splint) of shin
- Muscle stiffness at night
43
prevention for shin splints/MTSS
- Wearing supportive shoes
- Avoiding hard or uneven surfaces when running/walking
- Rest between activities to allow recovery
- Warm up and cool down
- Slow increase to exercise intensity and duration
44
treatment for shin splints/MTSS
- RICE
- Wearing supportive shoes
- Painkillers
- Low impact exercise like swimming or cycling
- Strengthening & stretching of the muscles of the shin (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius & soleus)
45
achilles tendonitis
- Occurs when the tendon (connecting your calf to your heel) becomes swollen and painful near your heel. It is an overuse injury of the Achilles tendon (hard tissue).
- Often caused by repetitive movements, quick changes in direction, sudden increase in activity
- Sport example - tennis players making a quick acceleration towards ball
46
symptoms of achilles tendonitis
- Pain at heel on touch or during walking/running
- Swelling
- Limited range of motion during dorsiflexion (difficulty standing on toes)
47
prevention for achilles tendonitis
- Correct footwear
- Improving technique
- Changes to training programme
- Flat surfaces
- High and low impact exercises
- Strengthen/Stretching calf muscles
- Rest
- Proper warm up/cool down
48
treatment for achilles tendonitis
- Medications to reduce inflammation and relieve pain
- Physiotherapy(specific stretching and strengthening exercises)
- PRP injections to speed up recovery process
- Surgery (if the tendon has torn or physical therapy is ineffective)
49
tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis
- Pain on the outside of the elbow usually caused by overuse of the muscles that are attached to the elbow and that are used to extend your wrist.
- Any activity that puts repeated stress on the elbow joint can cause it.
- Sport example - badminton/tennis players
50
symptoms of tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis
- Swelling
- Inflammation
- Bony lump on outside of elbow
- Pain when gripping small objects or rotating lower arm
- Difficulting in lifting or bending/extending your arm
51
prevention for tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis
- Correct/Improved technique
- Proper warm up/cool down
- Rest
52
treatment for tennis elbow/lateral epicondylitis
- Tennis elbow can get better without treatment
- Cold compress
- Paracetamol and ibuprofen may help to reduce pain and can also reduce inflammation
- Physiotherapy
- Rest/Time out of sport
53
dislocation
- Bone is displaced from another so moved from original position.
- Can be caused by a direct force (e.g. collision) or indirect force (e.g. fall) pushing the joint past its extreme range of motion
- Acute hard tissue injury that damages a joint that typically occurs in the shoulder, hip, knee, ankle, elbow and fingers/toes
- Sport example - improper tackle resulting in shoulder dislocation in ruby
54
symptoms of dislocations
- Swelling
- Pain at site
- Loss of movement
- Visible deformation
- ‘Pop’ hear or felt
55
prevention for dislocations
- Strengthening of muscles surrounding joints
- Protective clothing
- Correct technique
- Caution around surfaces
56
treatment for dislocations
- PRICE
- Physiotherapy
- Medically trained individual must realign bones at A&E
- Possible surgery if there is damage to surrounding blood vessels/nerves
57
subluxation
- Incomplete or partial dislocation often leading to damaged ligaments
- Joint begins to dislocate by contact between bones is not completely lost.
- This means there is weaker/decreased joint stability and an increased risk of future dislocations
- Sport example - falling on an outstretched arm during snowboarding
58
symptoms of subluxation
- Pain
- Unstable feeling in joint (feels like it may “give out”)
- Swelling
- Limited range of motion
59
prevention for subluxation
- Joint protection such as knee braces or taped fingers
- Muscle strengthening exercises
- Correct technique
- Caution around surfaces
- Proper warm up/cool down
60
treatment for subluxation
- RICE
- Medical professionals must realign bones
- Medication for pain
- Physiotherapy
