types of drugs and their effects

Question 1

sedatives ex

Answer 1

alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates

Question 2

effects of sedative use

Answer 2

depression of the CNS, mood elevation, decreased anxiety, sedation, behavioral disinhibition, respiratory depression.

Question 3

effects of withdrawal from sedatives

Answer 3

mood depression, increased anxiety, insomnia, delirium, seizures, cardiovascular collapse

Question 4

examples of opioids

Answer 4

heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone

Question 5

effects of opioids

Answer 5

mood elevation, decreased anxiety, sedation, analgesia, respiratory depression, constipation, pupil constriction

Question 6

withdrawal from opioids

Answer 6

mood depression, anxiety, autonomic stability, flu-like symptoms such as muscle-ache and sweating, piloerection, yawning, stomach cramps and diarrhea, pupil dilation.

Question 7

stimulants

Answer 7

amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine and nicotine

Question 8

affects of stimulants

Answer 8

mood elevation, insomnia, decreased appetite, increased cardiovascular, GI, neurological activity, psychosis, pupil dilation, hallucinations

Question 9

withdrawal from stimulants

Answer 9

mood depression, lethargy, increased appetite, fatigue, HA, decreased cardiovascular, neurological and GI function.

Question 10

hallucinogens

Answer 10

marijuana, LSD, PCP, mescaline, psilocybin

Question 11

effects of hallucinogens

Answer 11

mood elevation, altered perception, cardiovascular symtoms, hyperthermia, sweating, tremor, nystagmus

Question 12

withdrawal from hallucinogens

Answer 12

few if any

Question 13

immediate treatment of sedatives

Answer 13

hospitalization, flumazonil, substitution of long-acting and decrease dosages, intravenous diazepam, for alcohol specifically give thiamine and nutrition

Question 14

immediate treatment for opioids

Answer 14

hospitalization and naloxone, clonidine to stabilize the autonomic nervous system, substitution of long-acting opioid and decreased dosages

Question 15

immediate treatment for stimulants

Answer 15

benzo to decrease agitation, antipsychotics to decrease the psychosis, medical and psychological support

Question 16

minor stimulants

Answer 16

eliminate from diet and give analgesics for HA

Question 17

hallucinogens immediate treatment

Answer 17

calming or talking down, benzo to decrease agitation, antipsychotics

Question 18

substance abuse

Answer 18

a maladaptive pattern of substance use over the last 12 months that leads to impairment of occupational, physical or social functioning.

Question 19

substance dependence

Answer 19

substance abuse plus the withdrawal symptoms, tolerance, or a pattern of compulsive use.

Question 20

withdrawal

Answer 20

development of physical or psychological symptoms after the reduction or cessation of intake of a substance.

Question 21

tolerance

Answer 21

need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the same positive physical or psychological effects.

Question 22

cross-tolerance

Answer 22

development of tolerance of one substance because of the intake of another.

Question 23

the aspects of the 12 step program

Answer 23

1-3 admitting there is a problem and that you are not in control of the chemicals -make the decision to correct it. 4-6 looking at yourself morally and considering the “wrongs” you have assimilated into your character. 7-9 humility. ask God and people for forgiveness. this necessarily means you have to make a list of harms that you committed to others and ask for their forgiveness. 10-12 helping others.

Question 24

addiction

Answer 24

chronic, progressive, behavioral disorder whose central feature is compulsive drug use despite adverse consequences. the pathophysiology involves the reward system within the brain.

Question 25

ventral temental area

Answer 25

stores the dopaminergic cells that project to the nucleus accumbens and the PFC.

Question 26

Nucleus accumbens

Answer 26

the reward center. integrates DA from VTA and the glutamate from the PFC to determine the motivational output.

Question 27

PFC

Answer 27

this is the executive center of the brain. exerts executive control over the midbrain structures. site of judgement, cost-benefit analysis. made up of four parts: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventromedial PFC, orbitofrontal C. and the anterior cingulate cortex

Question 28

dorsolateral PFC

Answer 28

statistical analysis, prioritization, top-down control center. this is the cold-calculating center.

Question 29

ventralmedial PFC

Answer 29

assigns higher order emotional valiance.

Question 30

orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 30

impulse prevention.

Question 31

anterior cingulate cortex.

Answer 31

vigilance, focus.

Question 32

what drives decision making

Answer 32

glutamate from the PFC structures.

Question 33

what drives limbic system

Answer 33

dopamine. D3 receptors govern static levels of dopamine to allow for wakefulness, alertness and homeostasis. D2 are pulsatile depending on motivation, drive, reward expectations.

Question 34

what are the effects of drugs?

Answer 34

they all act on the brains limbic reward center to either enhance dopamine release, enhance the effects on the NA, or produce similar effects as DA.

Question 35

what does chronic use of drugs do the brain?

Answer 35

leads to circuitry changes that promote more drug use. leads to increased limbic function and decreased PFC function.

Question 36

which limbic paths are excessive in drug addiction

Answer 36

VTA-> NA. output from the NA. amygdala emotional signals.

Question 37

cortical control in addiction.

Answer 37

OFC should suppress this behavior. VMPFC should assign positive feelings to not doing dangerous things. DLPFC should calculate the true risk/benefit of doing addictive things.

Question 38

what do benzodiazepines and EtOH do to the brain?

Answer 38

they increase the GABA-A response within the CNS allowing more chloride down its gradient.

Question 39

EtOH intoxication

Answer 39

anxiolysis, disinhibition, slurred speech, ataxia, sedation, stupor, respiratory suppression, coma, death

Question 40

EtOH withdrawal.

Answer 40

agitation, insomnia, tremor, GI upset, increase pulse/HR/BP, seizures, hallucinations, delirium, death.

Question 41

intox with benzos/barbiturates

Answer 41

anxiolysis, slurred speech, ataxia, sedation, stupor, respiratory suppression, coma, death

Question 42

withdrawal with benzos/barbiturates

Answer 42

agitation, insomnia, tremor, GI cramps, hypereflexia, increase pulse/HR/BP, seizures, hallucinations, delirium, death.

Question 43

stimulants effects on the brain

Answer 43

block dopamine reuptake and can reverse it. more DA availability in the mesolimbic system allows for arousal and excitability.

Question 44

intoxication with stimulants

Answer 44

elevated mood and esteem, irritability, insomnia, appetite loss, dilated pupils, racing heart, increased BP, increased temperature, hyperreflexia, psychosis, cardiac arrest, seizure.

Question 45

withdrawal from stimulants.

Answer 45

fatigue, anhedonia, depression, increased sleep, increased appetite.

Question 46

opiates effects what in the brain?

Answer 46

the mu, delta, kappa receptors. they are usually full agonists and activate opiate receptors. they are G protein linked and cause hyperpolarization. increases the descending pain inhibitory paths. increases serotonin and enkephalin firing.

Question 47

examples of opiates

Answer 47

morphine, codeine, herion, oxycodone, tramadol.

Question 48

intox with opiates

Answer 48

elevated mood, pupil constriction (pinpoint pupil), respiratory suppression, gag reflex loss, low HR/BP, constipation! cold-dope fiend presentation. raspy voice

Question 49

withdrawal from opiates

Answer 49

restlessness, watery eyes, yawning, dilated pupils, goose flesh, runny nose, sneezing, increased HR/BP, GI distress, GI cramps, muscle cramps.