Types of Disabilities Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common causes of blindness?

A

Diabetes, Macular Degeneration, Glaucoma, Accidents or traumatic injuries to the eye, Stroke, Retinitis Pigmentosa

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2
Q

What is the legal definition of blindness?

A

According to the U.S. definition of blindness, a person who has a visual acuity of 20/200 with corrective lenses or who has a field of vision (what can be seen in front of the person) that is 20 degrees in the eye that has the best vision is considered to be legally blind.

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3
Q

What is a screen reader?

A

Screen readers convert the text on the web page into spoken words.

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4
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot see digital or electronic interfaces (such as computers, automated teller machines (ATMs), mobile devices, airport kiosks, etc)?

A

Screen readers can read interfaces and content out loud to users by converting digital text to synthesized speech, but only if they have been designed to be accessible. Screen readers do not announce text styles such as font, color, size, bold, and italic.

Self-voicing interfaces and applications can communicate to users without the need for a screen reader, but these are appropriate mostly for broadcasting information, because they usually do not interact with the interface or content as screen readers do.

Refreshable Braille output devices use screen readers to convert digital text to Braille. These devices are typically expensive, and only a minority of blind people know how to read Braille.

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5
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot use screen readers on digital content and interfaces not designed with accessibility in mind?

A

Interface designers and content authors can edit the markup to make it compatible with the assistive technologies used by blind people.

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6
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot see when walking?

A

Canes help blind people feel their surroundings as they walk.

Service animals (e.g. “Seeing Eye” dogs), trained to assist blind people, help them navigate their surroundings.

GPS-based walking instructions with an audio interface, either automated or via a remote human navigator.

Raised tiles on the ground to indicate the edge of a platform, a pathway along a sidewalk, the beginning of a staircase, etc.

Eliminate low-hanging architectural features that a blind person could bump into.

Clear pathways without obstructions in hallways, sidewalks.

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7
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot see signs or other text on buildings or other areas in the built environment?

A

Map and geolocation applications on mobile devices can announce the names and descriptions of buildings and other location-related information.

Braille labels and descriptions on entrances, rooms, bathrooms, historical markers, and other points of interest can allow blind people to explore and understand their surroundings, as long as the person knows Braille, and as long as the Braille labels are easy to find.

Tactile models of the exterior of buildings, or of floorplans of the interior of buildings help blind people form a mental map of their surroundings.

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8
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot see or feel the controls on flat interfaces on consumer devices such as microwaves, ovens, dishwashers, etc.

A

Alternative interfaces with knobs or other tactile controls.

Audio interfaces.

Remote control through applications on mobile devices.

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9
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot read the text on the containers or packaging for consumer items such as medicine, toothpaste, shampoo, sunscreen, hand cream, personal care products, foods, drinks, candy?

A

Embossed Braille (or Braille stickers) on packaging and product containers help consumers identify items both in the store and after purchase.

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10
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot read money to determine its value?

A

Applications on mobile devices can photograph the money and read the value to blind people.

Paper bills and coins could be manufactured in different sizes, shapes, or textures to allow blind people to distinguish the value based on touch.

Non-cash systems of payment can allow blind people to make financial transactions via computers, mobile devices, or on-site payment hardware with screen readers or self-voicing output.

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11
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot read books, magazines, posters, postal mail, or other printed materials?

A

Optical character recognition software can convert scanned images of text into digital text readable by screen readers. The accuracy of the conversion depends on the quality of the original document, as well as font choices, line spacing, and the quality of the conversion software itself.

Information can be placed online or in other digital formats to allow blind people to read the materials using their own assistive technologies.

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12
Q

What is low vision?

A

People with low vision can see, but their vision is still quite far from perfect even with powerful corrective lenses. Those who have low vision may be unable to see well enough to drive or read most printed text unless they enlarge it.

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13
Q

What are common characteristics of blur or blur with low contrast in low vision individuals?

A

Blur: For people who have low vision, faces and objects appear blurry. It is difficult for them to distinguish specific features.

Blur with Low Contrast: People who have low vision or blurred vision can also experience seeing things in low contrast, meaning that there aren’t very many bright or dark areas.

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14
Q

What are common characteristics of cataracts in low vision individuals?

A

Cataracts: There are some people who experience blind spots in their eyes, which can cause them to miss visual information if it’s in one of their blind spots.

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15
Q

What are common characteristics of diabetic retinopathy in low vision individuals?

A

Diabetic Retinopathy: Diabetic Retinopathy is another eye condition that causes people to see floating dark spots, similar to what the image depicts here.

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16
Q

What are common characteristics of glaucoma in low vision individuals?

A

Glaucoma: Some people can see only a small area, and have no peripheral vision. The edges are heavily darkened or vignetted.

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17
Q

What are common characteristics of hemianopia in low vision individuals?

A

Hemianopia: Hemianopia, or Hemianopsia, is another eye condition that limits vision to a smaller area. In the case of Hemianopia, vision loss occurs on either the right or left side of both eyes.

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18
Q

What are common characteristics of macular degeneration in low vision individuals?

A

Macular Degeneration: Macular degeneration is an eye disease where there is a loss of vision in the center of the eye, the field of vision. While people with macular degeneration have peripheral vision, the deterioration of the macula can cause either blurred vision or a blind spot to occur in the central vision.

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19
Q

What are common characteristics of retinal detachment in low vision individuals?

A

Retinal Detachment: For those who experience retinal detachment, vision can be affected in multiple ways. Some may experience flashes of light in their vision field, while some see what is called “floaters” in their vision, which can appear as dark debris floating in front of them.

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20
Q

What is screen magnification?

A

Reading small text is an extremely difficult task for a user with low vision. Users with low vision may need to use screen magnification like ZoomText or MAGic, which shows a small portion of the screen at a time. When the screen is magnified, it zooms in on a section of the screen and displays it at high resolution.

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21
Q

What are some of the challenges of screen magnifiers?

A

Though large magnification can help overcome the main challenges of low vision, there are still some issues a user can encounter. For instance, if an image is particularly large, a user may need to scroll around the screen to see the whole thing. If a JavaScript alert pops up to the side of the current visual focus, the alert may actually appear out of the visible area for the user with low vision, so the user may not see the alert at all. It is best to place popups, alerts, error messages, and other similar messages near the visual focus, to make sure users don’t miss them.

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22
Q

What are the benefits of color customization for individuals with low vision?

A

For people with low contrast vision, or low color vision, colors may not be easily visible, and may be hard to distinguish from each other. Text that is too close in color or luminance (brightness) to the background can be hard to read. Some people may also experience pain when looking at bright lights or bright areas on paper or computer screens. All-white backgrounds can be particularly difficult. To attempt to remedy the effects of low contrast and bright areas, users may modify the colors either in the operating system or in the web browser.

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23
Q

What are solutions for individuals who find small text hard to read?

A

Screen magnifiers can enlarge the items on the screen to make them easier to read.

Utilities to enhance contrast, change colors, or alter other aspects of visual appearance can improve legibility.

Screen readers can supplement screen magnifiers by reading interfaces and content out loud to users through synthesized speech, but only if the digital information has been designed to be accessible.

Self-voicing interfaces (on ATMs, kiosks, transportation systems, etc.) and applications can communicate to users without the need for a screen reader, but these are appropriate mostly for broadcasting information, because they usually do not interact with the interface or content as screen readers do.

Alternative large print versions of small print text can make printed materials easier to read.

Alternative digital versions (web, mobile applications, etc.) of printed materials can give users the ability to read the materials using their own assistive technologies.

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24
Q

What are solutions for individuals who find low contrast text can be hard to read.

A

Software or hardware options can enhance the contrast of digital text.

Interface designers and content creators can choose color combinations with high enough contrast to easily read.

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25
Q

What is colorblindness?

A

Color-blindness does not literally mean that a person can’t see any color at all (except in very rare cases). Color-blindness refers to the inability to distinguish between certain kinds of colors, especially colors that are of equal brightness or luminosity, even if the colors themselves appear quite different to people without color-blindness.

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26
Q

What is the most common form of colorblindness?

A

The most prevalent form of color-blindness, though, is red-green color-blindness. Deuteranopia and Protanopia are two common sub-types of red-green color-blindness.

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27
Q

What are assistive technologies for colorblindness?

A

There aren’t many assistive technologies for people with color-blindness. For the most part, it is a condition that people just have to live with. A company called EnChroma claims to have developed glasses that can help compensate for some kinds of color-blindness. http://enchroma.com/ opens in a new window Their products may be worth checking out if you experience color-blindness.

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28
Q

What are solutions for individuals who find certain color combinations—red and green in particular—difficult to distinguish?

A

Materials can be designed in a way that does not depend on color as a way to convey information.

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29
Q

What is an assistive technology for deafblindness?

A

If a person is both deaf and blind, the only option is to use a refreshable Braille display in combination with a screen reader.

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30
Q

What is a refreshable braille display?

A

Refreshable Braille displays have a line of holes in the physical interface that allow small pins to come up and down to form Braille characters. The screen reader sends a line of text to the refreshable Braille display. Users read the text on that line, then press a button to go to the next line. The pins drop down, then come up in a new configuration to reflect the new line of text.

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31
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot see digital text?

A

A screen reader can convert text to Braille on a refreshable Braille device, or “printed” in a Braille embosser.

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32
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot hear audio (including the audio portion of videos)?

A

A text transcript of the audio can be converted to refreshable Braille by a screen reader, or “printed” in a Braille embosser.

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33
Q

What are auditory disabilities?

A

Auditory disabilities involve hearing impairment, hearing loss, and deafness. People who have hearing impairment or hearing loss have diminished hearing and may have difficulty understanding speech and distinguishing foreground noise from background noise.

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34
Q

What are causes of auditory disabilities?

A

There are several causes of hearing loss and deafness. These causes may include genetics, premature birth, infections/illnesses, ear trauma, exposure to loud noises, and aging, to name a few.

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35
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot hear the audio portion of videos?

A

Provide synchronized captions with videos.

Provide sign language interpretation.

36
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot hear audio content?

A

Provide a transcript.

Provide sign language interpretation.

37
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot hear speeches and talks in a room?

A

Provide sign language interpretation.

Provide live captions on a monitor during the speech.

38
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot hear doorbells, alarms, and other sounds?

A

Provide alternative visual alerts, such as lights that flash, pulse, dim, turn on, or turn off.

39
Q

What are motor disabilities?

A

A motor disability is a condition that impairs a person’s physical movements. Partial or complete paralysis of a hand makes it difficult or impossible to use that hand. If a person experiences tremors in the hands, it can be difficult to move with enough precision to use a mouse or other tools that require good muscle control. A person may even be completely missing one or more hands, forcing the person to use other body parts—such as the feet—to access a computer.

40
Q

What are assistive technologies used by people with motor disabilities?

A

Vertical Keyboard with Mouth Stick.

One-Handed Keyboard.

Expanded Keyboard with Raised Sections Between Keys.

Speech Recognition.

41
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may be unable to use a mouse due to difficulty or inability to use hands?

A

Alternative keyboards, mouth sticks, single switch devices, speech recognition software and eye tracking technologies enable users to use a computer without the need for a mouse.

Developers and designers can ensure digital content is accessible using keyboard devices.

42
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may need more time to interact with digital content and interfaces due to slower movements?

A

Interface designers and developers can alert users to session timeouts and provide users with a way to adjust the time, extend the time or turn off the time limit.

43
Q

What are solutions for individuals who use a wheelchair and are unable to use steps?

A

For building entrances, accessible ramps in addition to steps should be provided, and accessible parking should be provided.

For steps within buildings, ensure that ramps and elevators are provided and accessible.

Ensure that accessible routes outside and within the building are labeled and clearly identifiable.

44
Q

What are solutions for individuals who use wheelchairs to navigate through tight spaces?

A

Doors, hallways, rooms, and restrooms should be wide enough for everyone, including wheelchair users, to use.

All corridors and routes should be unobstructed.

45
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may have difficulty using hands or arms to open doors?

A

Provide automatic doors or doors than can be opened using a large button.

Equip doors with lever-type handles/doorknobs for easier opening or closing.

46
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may be unable to turn pages of books, magazines, information pamphlets, or other printed materials?

A

Consider providing printed materials in a digital format that may allow people to use their own assistive technologies; Touch screen interfaces may also increase accessibility.

47
Q

What are cognitive disabilities?

A

Cognitive disabilities can arise as a result of congenital conditions that are with an individual from birth, or developmental conditions that are with a person from a young age. They can also result from traumatic injury, infections, chemical imbalances, or other conditions later in life.

48
Q

What is limited comprehension related to cognitive disabilities?

A

Most people with cognitive disabilities experience limited comprehension of one kind or another. They may not be able to understand complex ideas. They may have difficulty with metaphors or abstract language. They may not understand some kinds of slang or idiomatic expressions. Some people with cognitive disabilities have exceptionally high cognitive functions in one area—the ability to remember numbers or conversations—but low cognitive functions in other areas, such as social skills or emotional awareness.

49
Q

What is low tolerance for cognitive overload related to cognitive disabilities?

A

Some people with cognitive disabilities easily become frustrated or upset when they sense difficult situations, or when there are too many things in their environment happening at the same time. They cannot handle the complexity of the moment. They need things to be simple and straightforward. Too many choices can cause them to freeze, and they may be emotionally unable to change their state of mind until later, long after the moment has passed.

50
Q

What is limited problem-solving skills related to cognitive disabilities?

A

When presented with a problem to solve, some people with cognitive disabilities may simply be unable to solve it, so they may not even attempt to solve it. If a website requires users to type in text in a CAPTCHA (like the CAPTCHA shown in the screen shot below), for instance, they not be able to process what kind of action is required.

51
Q

What is short term memory loss related to cognitive disabilities?

A

Some people with cognitive disabilities have a hard time remembering things from one moment to the next. Their brains don’t allow them to focus on new information, so they don’t retain it in the short term. Long web processes—such as online purchasing procedures, account sign-up procedures, or setting preferences—can cause users to forget what they were doing, or to lose track of information that they may need to remember from one step to the next.

52
Q

What is attention deficit related to cognitive disabilities?

A

Some users experience attention deficits, making it hard for them to focus on the task at hand. They may get lost in their own thoughts, or they may find online advertisements too alluring, causing them to forget why they went to the website in the first place.

53
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may find complex designs and tasks in digital format overwhelming?

A

Create simple, predictable, organized designs and simplify user interface components.

54
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may have difficulty solving technical problems or fixing errors?

A

Ensure users are alerted to errors and provide clear solutions to fix errors.

55
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may have difficulty processing information, especially text-based information that uses complex language?

A

Supplement text-based information with images and other visuals to reinforce understanding.

Use simple, easy-to-understand language when presenting text-based information.

56
Q

What is dyslexia?

A

Some people have described their experiences of reading with dyslexia as letters appearing to move around, switch around, and swap in and out of place.

57
Q

What are solutions for individuals who often perceive words as floating and not in a line?

A

Can use a special font developed for Dyslexia which weights the letters down and makes similar figures appear differently.

May be granted additional time to complete tasks.

58
Q

What are solutions for individuals who often perceive words differently than others such as seeing p b d q as the same letter?

A

Can change the font, contrast or add an underline to text to keep words in line.

May be granted additional time to complete tasks.

59
Q

What are solutions for individuals who often require additional time to read and process content?

A

Can extend time outs and return to the same location on the page.

Can use a screen reader to get content in an auditory method to reinforce what is being seen.

Can use screen readers which highlight the word or phrase being read to assist with tracking.

Can use enhance visible focus indicators to keep track of their position on the page.

Can use special programs or dictionaries which present words with pictures.

May be granted additional time to complete tasks.

60
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may have difficulty processing content through visual means?

A

Can use a screen reader to get content in an auditory method to reinforce what is being seen.

May be granted additional time to complete tasks.

61
Q

What are math disabilities?

A

Some people experience math anxiety, which is an emotional or psychological fear that grips some people when confronted with math problems. This is less of an intellectual deficit than a psychological deficit. Other people truly cannot solve mathematical problems because their brains are not capable of that kind of thinking.

62
Q

What are solutions for individuals who have an inability to perform calculations?

A

Can use an accessibility accommodation link to a reference sheet with common equations when provided.

Can use an onscreen calculator as an accommodation.

May be granted additional time to complete tasks.

63
Q

What are speech disabilities?

A

When a person has difficulty with articulating words, he or she may have a speech disability. Speech disabilities are characterized by the inability to produce or organize speech sounds and syllables correctly or with fluency. There may also be a total loss of voice. Some speech disabilities may be genetic, while other causes of speech disability may include learning disabilities, auditory disabilities, Autism spectrum disorder, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and cancer (oral or laryngeal).

64
Q

What is stuttering (speech disability)?

A

Stuttering is a speech disability that affects the fluency of speech sounds. Words or parts of words may be involuntarily repeated, speech sounds may be prolonged, or speech sounds may be stopped or blocked completely.

65
Q

What is cluttering (speech disability)?

A

Sometimes categorized as a language disability, Cluttering is a disability that affects the fluency of speech. Cluttering consists of rapid speech that may be inconsistent in rhythm and lack syntax, or grammar. Speech may be clear at first, but increases at a quick rate. Slurred speech may also occur.

66
Q

What is apraxia (speech disability)?

A

Apraxia is a motor speech disability that occurs when a person has difficulty using muscles for speech production to form sounds of words. It may take a person several attempts to say the correct word.

67
Q

What is dysarthria (speech disability)?

A

Dysarthria is a motor speech disability that occurs due to brain damage. The muscles for speech production are impaired, causing slurred speech, slow speech, mumbling, or a voice that may sound hoarse or breathy.

68
Q

What are speech sound disorders (speech disability)?

A

Speech sound disorders are disorders where certain sounds of speech may be difficult to produce, specifically consonant sounds. They are generally categorized as articulation disorders or phonemic disorders.

Articulation disorders involve difficulty in physically producing speech sounds. As a result, certain speech sounds may be either omitted or added, substituted for other sounds, or the sound is distorted.

Phonemic disorders involve difficulty in distinguishing speech sounds in languages. Only a few sounds may be used, thus affecting word meaning. For example, the words “call” and “tall” may both be pronounced as “tall”, even though the person may be attempting to use the word “call” and its meaning in his or her statement.

69
Q

What is muteness (speech disability)?

A

Muteness (mutism) is the complete inability to produce a speaking voice.

70
Q

What is Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)?

A

Augmentative and Alternative Communication, or AAC, is comprised of all of the different types of communication outside of oral speech that people with speech disabilities can use to express themselves. Those with severe speech disabilities may use AAC to either supplement their speech or replace their speech altogether. There are two different types of AAC people with speech disabilities can use: unaided AAC or aided AAC.

71
Q

What is Unaided AAC?

A

Unaided augmentative and alternative communication systems do not rely on the use of external tools, but rely on nonverbal communication like body language, facial expressions, gestures and sign language.

72
Q

What is Aided AAC?

A

Aided augmentative and alternative communication systems rely on the use of an electronic or non-electronic tool and the person’s body. Tools can range communication books and boards, to pen and paper, to electronic devices that produce computer-generated voices. Communication aids that do not require electricity are referred to as low-tech communication aids. Those that do require electricity are high-tech communication aids and often allow people to store and retrieve messages.

73
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may be unable to communicate with voice-based technology tools like virtual meetings?

A

Provide text-based alternative solutions such as chat, email, and forms.

74
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may have another disability that could be one or more of the following: hearing loss, difficulty with fine motor movements, processing information, or visual impairment?

A

Ensure that all digital content is compatible with several assistive technologies such as screen readers.

Provide captions and transcripts for video and audio materials.

Check that digital content is keyboard accessible.

Present information in multiple formats to assist with information processing.

75
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may be a wheelchair user, or may have difficulty using hands or arms?

A

Same solutions for motor disabilities.

76
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may have difficulty with producing speech sounds?

A

May use low tech AAC such as communication boards or gestures to supplement speech.

May use high tech AAC such computer-generated voices to replace speech.

Be patient and give people time to communicate thoughts; Ask for clarification, if necessary.

77
Q

What are seizure disorders?

A

Seizures are abnormal or erratic electrical impulses in the brain that interfere with a person’s ability to process information or, in some cases, control voluntary muscle movement. Some seizures can result in violent convulsions that put a person at risk of injury. Seizures can be caused by a wide range of circumstances including brain injury, dehydration, sleep deprivation, infections, fevers, drug overdoses, drug withdrawals, and even flashing lights. This last category is the one that is of interest to web developers.

78
Q

What are photo-epileptic seizures?

A

Putting flashing or strobe-type effects in videos, graphics, or animations can put some viewers at risk for seizures. Seizures caused by flashing lights are sometimes known as photo-epileptic seizures.

79
Q

What are solutions for individuals who have sensitivity to flashing lights, blinking, and flickering stimuli?

A

Avoid creating animations, videos, and other graphics, that have flashing or strobe-like effects whenever possible.

If flashing content must be used, flashing should not last for more than three (3) seconds.

80
Q

What are psychological and psychiatric disabilities?

A

Psychological, or psychiatric disabilities, encompass a vast range of emotional and mental conditions. These conditions are first diagnosed as “mental illness”. When the mental illness disorder impacts daily major life activities, it then becomes a disability. Examples of psychological disabilities include depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and schizophrenia.

81
Q

What are anxiety disorders?

A

Panic Disorder is anxiety disorder that causes feelings of terror and impending doom. People who have panic disorder may experience symptoms that closely resemble a heart attack at any time.

Phobias are strong, excessive, paralyzing fears of particular objects or situations. Examples include claustrophobia, a fear of enclosed areas; arachnophobia, a fear of spiders and other arachnids.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD, is an anxiety disorder that may occur after a person has been exposed to a terrifying or traumatic event. Acts of violence, war, natural disasters, and other life-threatening events may cause PTSD.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is an anxiety disorder where a person has perpetually upsetting, distressing thoughts called obsessions.

82
Q

What are mood disorders?

A

Mood disorders, also known as affective disorders or depressive disorders, cause erratic changes in a person’s mood. Mood disorders can cause mood fluctuations ranging from happiness to sadness, or lengthy periods of sadness. Below are a few of the common types of mood disorders.

Depression is characterized as a brain disorder. People who have depression may experience prolonged sadness, loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities, worthless feelings, or suicidal thoughts. Causes of depression can be genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological.

Bipolar Disorder is a mood disorder that consists of cycling periods of feeling mania, or highs and happy feelings; and depression, or low, sad feelings.

Seasonal Affective Disorder, or SAD, is a mood disorder that affects individuals during the fall and winter months. During these months, people with SAD experience depression possibly due to shortened daylight.

83
Q

What are schizophrenia?

A

Schizophrenia is an extremely complex disorder. The causes of schizophrenia are unknown, but theories suggest that genetics and biology may be factors. Experiences with this disorder are generally categorized into two groups: “positive” and “negative”. Positive schizophrenia experiences involve hallucinations and delusions. People with positive schizophrenia see things and hear voices. Negative schizophrenia experiences involve a lack of motivation, a dreary mood, and isolating oneself from society.

84
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

When a person’s behavior and experiences persistently deviate from cultural expectations, he or she may have a personality disorder. The patterns of behavior may develop in adolescence and continue well into adulthood.

Antisocial Personality Disorder is a personality disorder where a person exhibits a pattern of behavior that shows no regard for the rights of others and violates the rights of others.

Borderline Personality Disorder is a personality disorder where a person experiences long-term instability in mood, behaviors, relationships and self-image. Someone with borderline personality disorder may experience lingering feelings of loneliness, boredom, and anger.

85
Q

What are compound disorders?

A

As the term suggests, people with multiple, or compound, disabilities have a combination of two or more disabilities that may involve speech, motor, visual and hearing impairments, as well as a learning disability or an intellectual disability.

86
Q

The threshold for classification as low vision is usually designated as a corrected visual acuity of no better than

A

20/40 or 20/60.