Types of Disabilities Flashcards
What are auditory disabilities?
- Involve hearing impairment, hearing loss, and deafness
- Have dimished hearing and may have issues understanding speech and differentiating between foreground and background noise
How many people in the world have disabling hearing loss?
estimated 430 million people in the world have disabling hearing loss
How many people in the EU use sign language as their first language?
750,000 people in the EU
What is Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) used for?
- Used by people with complete hearing loss to communicate with others
- It includes things like sign language or communication boards
What is Central Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)?
- Disability that results in difficulty with processing sounds or speech
- No measureable hearing loss, but people have issues with interpreting, organizing, or analyzing what they hear
What causes APD?
- Exact cause is unkown
- May be related to illnesses like meningitis or neverous system disorders, premature birth or low birth weight, head injury, or genetics
What percentage of the world has Central Auditory Processing Disorder(APD)?
About 5% of the global population
What causes Auditory Disabilities?
- causes may include genetics, premature birth, infections/illnesses, ear trauma, exposure to loud noises, and aging, etc.
What is the difference between “deaf” and “Deaf”
- deaf is the condition of deafness
- Deaf refers to the deaf culture/community and is used to reference a member of that community
How does the Deaf community view deafness?
- They view it form a cultural perspective, not as a medical condition as they do not see themselves as having lost hearing, as they may have never had it to begin with
Challenges & Solutions - Auditory Disabilites
Audio content cannot be heard
- Provide a transcript
- Provide sign language interpretation
- Provide CART (Communication Access Realtime Translation) or STTR (Speech to Text Reporter). Ensure captions for videos, live online meetings, and live presentations are accurate & usable.
Solutions
Challenges & Solutions - Auditory Disabilites
The audio portion of videos cannot be heard
- Provide synchronized captions with videos
- Provide sign language interpretation
Solutions
Challenges & Solutions - Auditory Disabilites
Speeches and talks cannot be heard by deaf people in the room
- Provide sign language interpretation
- Provide live captions on a monitor during the speech
- Provide assistive listening systems and devices in meeting rooms and auditoriums.
Solutions
Challenges & Solutions - Auditory Disabilites
Doorbells, alarms, and other sounds may not be heard
- Provide alternative visual alerts, such as lights that flash, pulse, dim, turn on, or turn off.
- Provide haptic alerts/feedback.
Solutions
What are mobility disabilites?
Disabilities that affect a persons ability to move independantly and purposefuly
About how many adults in the US have a mobility disability?
Approximately 3.5%
What is ambulation?
The ability to walk without using an assistive device
About how many children in the world have ADHD?
between 3-7% of children in the world have ADHD which often results in fine motor control difficulty
What percentage of adults have mobility disabilities?
About 11% in the US, smaller figers in Europe and Canada
What are body size/shape disabilities?
- Related to a persons stature, proportions, or shape
- Dwarfism, rheumatoid arthritis, acromegaly (increased bone size), and obesity would all fall under this category
- May ecperience muscle weakness, hearing and/or vission loss, and diabetes
How many people in the world have rheumatoid arthritis?
About 1% of the worlds population
How many adults in the world are obese?
About 39-40% of adults are obese
What are some of the Assistive technologies used by people with motor disabilites?
- Vertical Keyboard with Mouth Stick
- One-Handed Keyboard
- Expanded Keyboard with Raised Sections Between Keys
- Speech Recognition Software
Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites
May be unable to use a mouse due to difficulty or inability to use hands.
- Alternative keyboards, mouth sticks, single switch devices, speech recognition software and eye tracking technologies enable users to use a computer without the need for a mouse.
- Developers and designers can ensure digital content is accessible using keyboard devices.
Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites
May need more time to interact with digital content and interfaces due to slower movements.
- Interface designers and developers can alert users to session timeouts and provide users with a way to adjust the time, extend the time or turn off the time limit.
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Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites
Wheelchair users are unable to use steps.
- For building entrances, accessible ramps in addition to steps should be provided, and accessible parking should be provided.
- For steps within buildings, ensure that ramps and elevators are provided and accessible.
- Ensure that accessible routes outside and within the building are labeled and clearly identifiable.
Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites
Wheelchairs users may be unable to navigate through tight spaces.
- Doors, hallways, rooms, and restrooms should be wide enough for everyone, including wheelchair users, to use.
- All corridors and routes should be unobstructed.
Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites
May have difficulty using hands or arms to open doors.
- Provide automatic doors or doors than can be opened using a large button.
- Equip doors with lever-type handles/doorknobs for easier opening or closing.
Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites
May encounter seating that is too small or at the wrong height.
- Ensure that seating can accommodate a variety of body sizes.
Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites
May be unable to turn pages of books, magazines, information pamphlets, or other printed materials.
- Consider providing printed materials in a digital format that may allow people to use their own assistive technologies; Touch screen interfaces may also increase accessibility.
Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites
May have trouble with digital interfaces that have small or tightly grouped touch targets.
- Ensure that touch targets are big enough to hit easily and not too close to each other.
Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites
May have trouble with tasks that require fine motor skills, accuracy, or strength.
- If possible, provide alternatives to such tasks (for example, an automatic door in place of having to open a manual one).
What are cognitive disabilities?
- These disabilities affect mental function
- Diagnosis is based on multiple criteria and people do not need to fullfill all criteria to be diagnosed
What are intellectual disabilities?
- Significant limitations in intellectual functioning ( (reasoning, learning, problem solving) and in adaptive behavior
- Ussually person with this has an IQ lower than 70-75
What is dyslexia?
- Cognitive disability that affects people ability to read
- People may have slightly lower reading abilities than others in the same age range or cannot read at all
- Hard time with visual encoding of text
- They say it looks like the letters may be moving around, switching and swapping spaces
How many people have dyslexia?
Estimated between 5-10%, potentially as high as 17%
What are math and computation cognitive disabilites?
They affect a persons ability to learn and communicate math
What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
- A disorder where a person has difficulty focusing, paying attention, and controlling his or her behavior.
- May be hyperacitve
- Ussually starts in childhood and continue into adulthood
- Genetics and environment plays a factor in causing it
What 2 groups of symptoms are ADHD experiences put into?
- inattention / distraction
- hyperactive / impulsive
- Person may have symptoms from one or both categories
For ADHD, what does the innattention/distraction criteria include?
- Diminished attention to detail
- Trouble with attention span
- Easily distracted
- Difficulty with starting, organizing and finishing tasks
- Being forgetful or losing items
For ADHD, what does the hyperactive/impulsive criteria include?
- Being restless or fidgety
- Having difficulty remaining seated
- Talking excessively
- Having difficulty waiting their turn
What are Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)?
- Diverse group of conditions related to brain development
- Include difficulty communicating and social interactrion
- Some unnusual patterns of activities and behaviors
- Aspergers syndrom is classified as ASD
What are the main criteria for diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)?
- Difficulty with social communication and interaction, present in different contexts (for example, at home and at school).
- Repetitive behaviors, for example, routines or movements.
What
What is Non Verbal Learning Disability (NLD)?
- considered to be a milder form of Aspergers Syndrome
- People with it have normal intelligence and language development but struggle with social skills, sensory input, and making transitions.
What is another term for intellectual disabilities?
They may be called learning disabiities in other countries
What are the main criteria for diagnosing an intellectual disability?
- The person has deficits in intellectual function.
- The person has impairments in adaptive behavior (social and communication skills, skills used to manage work or school).
- These impairments manifest during childhood.
How many people worldwide have an intellectual disability?
About 200 million people worldwide
Challenges & Solutions - Cognitive Disabilities
May find complex designs and tasks in digital format overwhelming
Create simple, predictable, organized designs and simplify user interface components
Challenges & Solutions - Cognitive Disabilities
May have difficulty solving technical problems or fixing errors
Ensure users are alerted to errors and provide clear solutions to fix errors
Challenges & Solutions - Cognitive Disabilities
May have difficulty processing information, especially text-based information that uses complex language
- Supplement text-based information with images and other visuals to reinforce understanding
- Use simple, easy-to-understand language when presenting text-based information
Challenges & Solutions - Dyslexia Disabilities
Often perceive words as floating and not in a line.
- Can use a special font developed for Dyslexia which weights the letters down and makes similar figures appear differently.
- May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
Challenges & Solutions - Dyslexia Disabilities
Often perceive words differently than others such as seeing p b d q as the same letter.
Can change the font, contrast or add an underline to text to keep words in line.
May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
Challenges & Solutions - Dyslexia Disabilities
Often require additional time to read and process content.
- Can extend time outs and return to the same location on the page.
- Can use a screen reader to get content in an auditory method to reinforce what is being seen.
- Can use screen readers which highlight the word or phrase being read to assist with tracking.
- Can use enhance visible focus indicators to keep track of their position on the page.
- Can use special programs or dictionaries which present words with pictures.
- May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
Challenges & Solutions - Dyslexia Disabilities
Often have the burden of deciphering content from the way it is presented.
May apply a custom style sheet.
Challenges & Solutions - Dyslexia Disabilities
May have difficulty solving problems presented through security features such as CAPTCHA.
Ability to change the type of problem presented.
Challenges & Solutions - Dyslexia Disabilities
May have difficulty processing content through visual means.
- Can use a screen reader to get content in an auditory method to reinforce what is being seen.
- May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
Challenges & Solutions - Dyslexia Disabilities
May have a hard time spelling words correctly
Can use a spelling and grammar checker
What level of visual acuity meets the legal definition of blindness in the US?
Blindness
20/200 with corrective lenses in the best eye
What field of vision meets the legal definition of blindness in the US?
Blindness
20 degrees in the best eye
Challenges & Solutions - Visual Disabilities
What are some solutions for blindness challenges in the built environment?
Blindness
- Canes
- Service animals
- Geolocation apps
- Raised tiles
- Pathways without obstructions
- Tactile models
- Braille labels - only if they can be found, and only for those few blind people who can read Braille
Challenges & Solutions - Visual Disabilities
What are some solutions for blindness challenges in Information and Communicative Technology (ICT)?
Blindness
- Screen readers
- Digital markup of content for use with screen readers
- Text alternatives to non-text information (captions / descriptions)
- Audio alternatives to video content (audio transcripts)
- Keyboard control without required mouse input
- Self-voicing interfaces
- Refreshable Braille output devices - only for those few blind people who can read Braille
Challenges & Solutions - Visual Disabilities
What are some solutions for blindness challenges in consumer products?
Blindness
- Tactile controls
- Audio interfaces
- Remote control mobile apps
- Physically distinct currency - different sized coins and bills
- Non-cash payment systems
- OCR software
- Digital information accessible online
- Braille labels - only for those few blind people who can read Braille
What happens when mental illness disorder impacts daily major life activities?
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
It becomes a disability.
What are examples of psychological disabilities?
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
Depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders and schizophrenia.
What may cause a psychological disability?
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
Trauma, Chemical imbalances, genetic factors and social factors.
What anxiety disorder causes feelings of terror or impending doom?
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
Panic Disorder
What are phobias?
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
They are strong, excessive, paralyzing fears of particular objects or situations.
Acts of violence, war, natural disasters and other life threatening events may cause what type of anxiety disorder?
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
The following is an example of which anxiety disorder?
“If a person has a fear of germs, the person will repeatedly wash his or her hands or repeatedly clean his or her room.”
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
What anxiety disorder involves having an intense and persistent fear of being watched or judged by other people?
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
Social Anxiety Disorder
What are common types of mood disorders?
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
- Depression
- Bipolar Disorder
- Seasonal Affective Disorder
Which mood disorder is characterized as a brain disorder?
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
Depression
Bipolar Disorder consists of:
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
cycling periods of feeling mania, or highs and happy feelings; and depression, or low, sad feelings.
What mood disorder affects individuals during the fall and winter months?
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
Seasonal Affective Disorders (SAD)
Experiences with schizophrenia are generally characterized into:
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
“Positive” and “Negative” experiences.
Positive schizophrenia experiences involve:
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
seeing things and hearing voices.
Negative schizophrenia experiences involve:
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
- Lack of motivation
- A dreary mood
- Isolating oneself from society
What does ADHD stand for?
Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Fill in the blank
____________ is a behavioral disorder where a person has difficulty focusing, paying attention, and controlling his or her behavior. The person may also be hyperactive.
Other Disorders
ADHD
Experiences with ADHD are divided into three subcategories which are:
Other Disorders
Inattention, Hyperactivity and Impulsivity
Fill in the blank
When a person’s behavior and experiences persistently deviate from cultural expectations, he or she may have a ______________________
Other Disorders
Personality Disorder
What are two common personality disorders?
Other Disorders
Antisocial personality disorder and Borderline personality disorder.
Fill in the blank
——— is a personality disorder where a person exhibits a pattern of behavior that shows no regard for the rights of others and violates the rights of others.
Other Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder
________ is a personality disorder where a person experiences long-term instability in mood, behaviors, relationships and self-image.
Other Disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder
People with eating disorders develop _______, __________, and _________ that affect their eating habits.
Other Disorders
Emotions, Attitudes and Behaviors.
What are the symptoms of cataracts?
Low Vision
Vision is clouded by innumerable dark gray spots.
What are the symptoms of diabetic retinopathy?
Low Vision
Floating dark spots.
What are the symptoms of glaucoma?
Low Vision
Tunnel vision / lack of peripheral vision.
What are the symptoms of hemianopia?
Low Vision
Vision loss on either left or right side with both eyes.
What are the symptoms of macular degneration?
Low Vision
Blurring or blindness in central vision.
What are some options that screen magnification software like ZoomText can provide?
Low Vision
- Magnification.
- Enhancement of colors.
- Enhancement of mouse pointer.
- Enhancement of text cursor / insertion point.
- Enhancement of control focus.
What are the symptoms of deuteranopia?
Color Blindness
A common type of color blindness, in which people cannot tell red and green apart.
What are the symptoms of protanopia?
Color Blindness
A common type of color blindness, in which people cannot tell red and green apart.
What are the symptoms of tritanopia?
Color Blindness
A less common type of color blindness, in which people cannot tell blue and yellow apart.
What are the symptoms of achromatopsia?
Color Blindness
A rare type of color blindness, in which people see colors only in grayscale.
What specific pairs of colors can people with color blindness have trouble telling apart?
Color Blindness
- Red and Green (deuteranopia and protanopia)
- Blue and Yellow (tritanopia)
- Red and Black
What are some solutions for people with color blindness?
Color Blindness
- “Design materials so that information is not conveyed by color alone.
- Allow users to select custom color combinations.”
Color Blindness
What ICT solutions can be provided for deafblind users?
Deafblindness
- Digital text provided via refreshable braille displays.
- Audio transcripts provided as braille.
- Haptic feedback.
How can deafblind users receive information from speakers?
Deafblindness
Tactile sign language interpretation.
