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CPACC (2024 version) > Types of Disabilities > Flashcards

Types of Disabilities Flashcards

1
Q

What are auditory disabilities?

A
  • Involve hearing impairment, hearing loss, and deafness
  • Have dimished hearing and may have issues understanding speech and differentiating between foreground and background noise
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2
Q

How many people in the world have disabling hearing loss?

A

estimated 430 million people in the world have disabling hearing loss

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3
Q

How many people in the EU use sign language as their first language?

A

750,000 people in the EU

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4
Q

What is Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) used for?

A
  • Used by people with complete hearing loss to communicate with others
  • It includes things like sign language or communication boards
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5
Q

What is Central Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)?

A
  • Disability that results in difficulty with processing sounds or speech
  • No measureable hearing loss, but people have issues with interpreting, organizing, or analyzing what they hear
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6
Q

What causes APD?

A
  • Exact cause is unkown
  • May be related to illnesses like meningitis or neverous system disorders, premature birth or low birth weight, head injury, or genetics
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7
Q

What percentage of the world has Central Auditory Processing Disorder(APD)?

A

About 5% of the global population

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8
Q

What causes Auditory Disabilities?

A
  • causes may include genetics, premature birth, infections/illnesses, ear trauma, exposure to loud noises, and aging, etc.
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9
Q

What is the difference between “deaf” and “Deaf”

A
  • deaf is the condition of deafness
  • Deaf refers to the deaf culture/community and is used to reference a member of that community
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10
Q

How does the Deaf community view deafness?

A
  • They view it form a cultural perspective, not as a medical condition as they do not see themselves as having lost hearing, as they may have never had it to begin with
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11
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Auditory Disabilites

Audio content cannot be heard

A
  • Provide a transcript
  • Provide sign language interpretation
  • Provide CART (Communication Access Realtime Translation) or STTR (Speech to Text Reporter). Ensure captions for videos, live online meetings, and live presentations are accurate & usable.

Solutions

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12
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Auditory Disabilites

The audio portion of videos cannot be heard

A
  • Provide synchronized captions with videos
  • Provide sign language interpretation

Solutions

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13
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Auditory Disabilites

Speeches and talks cannot be heard by deaf people in the room

A
  • Provide sign language interpretation
  • Provide live captions on a monitor during the speech
  • Provide assistive listening systems and devices in meeting rooms and auditoriums.

Solutions

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14
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Auditory Disabilites

Doorbells, alarms, and other sounds may not be heard

A
  • Provide alternative visual alerts, such as lights that flash, pulse, dim, turn on, or turn off.
  • Provide haptic alerts/feedback.

Solutions

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15
Q

What are mobility disabilites?

A

Disabilities that affect a persons ability to move independantly and purposefuly

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16
Q

About how many adults in the US have a mobility disability?

A

Approximately 3.5%

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17
Q

What is ambulation?

A

The ability to walk without using an assistive device

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18
Q

About how many children in the world have ADHD?

A

between 3-7% of children in the world have ADHD which often results in fine motor control difficulty

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19
Q

What percentage of adults have mobility disabilities?

A

About 11% in the US, smaller figers in Europe and Canada

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20
Q

What are body size/shape disabilities?

A
  • Related to a persons stature, proportions, or shape
  • Dwarfism, rheumatoid arthritis, acromegaly (increased bone size), and obesity would all fall under this category
  • May ecperience muscle weakness, hearing and/or vission loss, and diabetes
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21
Q

How many people in the world have rheumatoid arthritis?

A

About 1% of the worlds population

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22
Q

How many adults in the world are obese?

A

About 39-40% of adults are obese

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23
Q

What are some of the Assistive technologies used by people with motor disabilites?

A
  1. Vertical Keyboard with Mouth Stick
  2. One-Handed Keyboard
  3. Expanded Keyboard with Raised Sections Between Keys
  4. Speech Recognition Software
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24
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites

May be unable to use a mouse due to difficulty or inability to use hands.

A
  • Alternative keyboards, mouth sticks, single switch devices, speech recognition software and eye tracking technologies enable users to use a computer without the need for a mouse.
  • Developers and designers can ensure digital content is accessible using keyboard devices.
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25
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites

May need more time to interact with digital content and interfaces due to slower movements.

A
  • Interface designers and developers can alert users to session timeouts and provide users with a way to adjust the time, extend the time or turn off the time limit.
    *
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26
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites

Wheelchair users are unable to use steps.

A
  • For building entrances, accessible ramps in addition to steps should be provided, and accessible parking should be provided.
  • For steps within buildings, ensure that ramps and elevators are provided and accessible.
  • Ensure that accessible routes outside and within the building are labeled and clearly identifiable.
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27
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites

Wheelchairs users may be unable to navigate through tight spaces.

A
  • Doors, hallways, rooms, and restrooms should be wide enough for everyone, including wheelchair users, to use.
  • All corridors and routes should be unobstructed.
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28
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites

May have difficulty using hands or arms to open doors.

A
  • Provide automatic doors or doors than can be opened using a large button.
  • Equip doors with lever-type handles/doorknobs for easier opening or closing.
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29
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites

May encounter seating that is too small or at the wrong height.

A
  • Ensure that seating can accommodate a variety of body sizes.
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30
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites

May be unable to turn pages of books, magazines, information pamphlets, or other printed materials.

A
  • Consider providing printed materials in a digital format that may allow people to use their own assistive technologies; Touch screen interfaces may also increase accessibility.
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31
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites

May have trouble with digital interfaces that have small or tightly grouped touch targets.

A
  • Ensure that touch targets are big enough to hit easily and not too close to each other.
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32
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Mobility Disabilites

May have trouble with tasks that require fine motor skills, accuracy, or strength.

A
  • If possible, provide alternatives to such tasks (for example, an automatic door in place of having to open a manual one).
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33
Q

What are cognitive disabilities?

A
  • These disabilities affect mental function
  • Diagnosis is based on multiple criteria and people do not need to fullfill all criteria to be diagnosed
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34
Q

What are intellectual disabilities?

A
  • Significant limitations in intellectual functioning ( (reasoning, learning, problem solving) and in adaptive behavior
  • Ussually person with this has an IQ lower than 70-75
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35
Q

What is dyslexia?

A
  • Cognitive disability that affects people ability to read
  • People may have slightly lower reading abilities than others in the same age range or cannot read at all
  • Hard time with visual encoding of text
  • They say it looks like the letters may be moving around, switching and swapping spaces
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36
Q

How many people have dyslexia?

A

Estimated between 5-10%, potentially as high as 17%

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37
Q

What are math and computation cognitive disabilites?

A

They affect a persons ability to learn and communicate math

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38
Q

What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

A
  • A disorder where a person has difficulty focusing, paying attention, and controlling his or her behavior.
  • May be hyperacitve
  • Ussually starts in childhood and continue into adulthood
  • Genetics and environment plays a factor in causing it
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39
Q

What 2 groups of symptoms are ADHD experiences put into?

A
  • inattention / distraction
  • hyperactive / impulsive
  • Person may have symptoms from one or both categories
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40
Q

For ADHD, what does the innattention/distraction criteria include?

A
  • Diminished attention to detail
  • Trouble with attention span
  • Easily distracted
  • Difficulty with starting, organizing and finishing tasks
  • Being forgetful or losing items
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41
Q

For ADHD, what does the hyperactive/impulsive criteria include?

A
  • Being restless or fidgety
  • Having difficulty remaining seated
  • Talking excessively
  • Having difficulty waiting their turn
42
Q

What are Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)?

A
  • Diverse group of conditions related to brain development
  • Include difficulty communicating and social interactrion
  • Some unnusual patterns of activities and behaviors
  • Aspergers syndrom is classified as ASD
43
Q

What are the main criteria for diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)?

A
  • Difficulty with social communication and interaction, present in different contexts (for example, at home and at school).
  • Repetitive behaviors, for example, routines or movements.
44
Q

What

What is Non Verbal Learning Disability (NLD)?

A
  • considered to be a milder form of Aspergers Syndrome
  • People with it have normal intelligence and language development but struggle with social skills, sensory input, and making transitions.
45
Q

What is another term for intellectual disabilities?

A

They may be called learning disabiities in other countries

46
Q

What are the main criteria for diagnosing an intellectual disability?

A
  • The person has deficits in intellectual function.
  • The person has impairments in adaptive behavior (social and communication skills, skills used to manage work or school).
  • These impairments manifest during childhood.
47
Q

How many people worldwide have an intellectual disability?

A

About 200 million people worldwide

48
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Cognitive Disabilities

May find complex designs and tasks in digital format overwhelming

A

Create simple, predictable, organized designs and simplify user interface components

49
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Cognitive Disabilities

May have difficulty solving technical problems or fixing errors

A

Ensure users are alerted to errors and provide clear solutions to fix errors

50
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Cognitive Disabilities

May have difficulty processing information, especially text-based information that uses complex language

A
  • Supplement text-based information with images and other visuals to reinforce understanding
  • Use simple, easy-to-understand language when presenting text-based information
51
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Dyslexia Disabilities

Often perceive words as floating and not in a line.

A
  • Can use a special font developed for Dyslexia which weights the letters down and makes similar figures appear differently.
  • May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
52
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Dyslexia Disabilities

Often perceive words differently than others such as seeing p b d q as the same letter.

A

Can change the font, contrast or add an underline to text to keep words in line.
May be granted additional time to complete tasks.

53
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Dyslexia Disabilities

Often require additional time to read and process content.

A
  • Can extend time outs and return to the same location on the page.
  • Can use a screen reader to get content in an auditory method to reinforce what is being seen.
  • Can use screen readers which highlight the word or phrase being read to assist with tracking.
  • Can use enhance visible focus indicators to keep track of their position on the page.
  • Can use special programs or dictionaries which present words with pictures.
  • May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
54
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Dyslexia Disabilities

Often have the burden of deciphering content from the way it is presented.

A

May apply a custom style sheet.

55
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Dyslexia Disabilities

May have difficulty solving problems presented through security features such as CAPTCHA.

A

Ability to change the type of problem presented.

56
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Dyslexia Disabilities

May have difficulty processing content through visual means.

A
  • Can use a screen reader to get content in an auditory method to reinforce what is being seen.
  • May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
57
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Dyslexia Disabilities

May have a hard time spelling words correctly

A

Can use a spelling and grammar checker

58
Q

What level of visual acuity meets the legal definition of blindness in the US?

Blindness

A

20/200 with corrective lenses in the best eye

59
Q

What field of vision meets the legal definition of blindness in the US?

Blindness

A

20 degrees in the best eye

60
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Visual Disabilities

What are some solutions for blindness challenges in the built environment?

Blindness

A
  • Canes
  • Service animals
  • Geolocation apps
  • Raised tiles
  • Pathways without obstructions
  • Tactile models
  • Braille labels - only if they can be found, and only for those few blind people who can read Braille
61
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Visual Disabilities

What are some solutions for blindness challenges in Information and Communicative Technology (ICT)?

Blindness

A
  • Screen readers
  • Digital markup of content for use with screen readers
  • Text alternatives to non-text information (captions / descriptions)
  • Audio alternatives to video content (audio transcripts)
  • Keyboard control without required mouse input
  • Self-voicing interfaces
  • Refreshable Braille output devices - only for those few blind people who can read Braille
62
Q

Challenges & Solutions - Visual Disabilities

What are some solutions for blindness challenges in consumer products?

Blindness

A
  • Tactile controls
  • Audio interfaces
  • Remote control mobile apps
  • Physically distinct currency - different sized coins and bills
  • Non-cash payment systems
  • OCR software
  • Digital information accessible online
  • Braille labels - only for those few blind people who can read Braille
63
Q

What happens when mental illness disorder impacts daily major life activities?

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A

It becomes a disability.

64
Q

What are examples of psychological disabilities?

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A

Depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders and schizophrenia.

65
Q

What may cause a psychological disability?

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A

Trauma, Chemical imbalances, genetic factors and social factors.

66
Q

What anxiety disorder causes feelings of terror or impending doom?

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A

Panic Disorder

67
Q

What are phobias?

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A

They are strong, excessive, paralyzing fears of particular objects or situations.

68
Q

Acts of violence, war, natural disasters and other life threatening events may cause what type of anxiety disorder?

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

69
Q

The following is an example of which anxiety disorder?
“If a person has a fear of germs, the person will repeatedly wash his or her hands or repeatedly clean his or her room.”

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

70
Q

What anxiety disorder involves having an intense and persistent fear of being watched or judged by other people?

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A

Social Anxiety Disorder

71
Q

What are common types of mood disorders?

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A
  • Depression
  • Bipolar Disorder
  • Seasonal Affective Disorder
72
Q

Which mood disorder is characterized as a brain disorder?

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A

Depression

73
Q

Bipolar Disorder consists of:

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A

cycling periods of feeling mania, or highs and happy feelings; and depression, or low, sad feelings.

74
Q

What mood disorder affects individuals during the fall and winter months?

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A

Seasonal Affective Disorders (SAD)

75
Q

Experiences with schizophrenia are generally characterized into:

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A

“Positive” and “Negative” experiences.

76
Q

Positive schizophrenia experiences involve:

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A

seeing things and hearing voices.

77
Q

Negative schizophrenia experiences involve:

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A
  • Lack of motivation
  • A dreary mood
  • Isolating oneself from society
78
Q

What does ADHD stand for?

Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities

A

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

79
Q

Fill in the blank

____________ is a behavioral disorder where a person has difficulty focusing, paying attention, and controlling his or her behavior. The person may also be hyperactive.

Other Disorders

A

ADHD

80
Q

Experiences with ADHD are divided into three subcategories which are:

Other Disorders

A

Inattention, Hyperactivity and Impulsivity

81
Q

Fill in the blank

When a person’s behavior and experiences persistently deviate from cultural expectations, he or she may have a ______________________

Other Disorders

A

Personality Disorder

82
Q

What are two common personality disorders?

Other Disorders

A

Antisocial personality disorder and Borderline personality disorder.

83
Q

Fill in the blank

——— is a personality disorder where a person exhibits a pattern of behavior that shows no regard for the rights of others and violates the rights of others.

Other Disorders

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

84
Q

________ is a personality disorder where a person experiences long-term instability in mood, behaviors, relationships and self-image.

Other Disorders

A

Borderline Personality Disorder

85
Q

People with eating disorders develop _______, __________, and _________ that affect their eating habits.

Other Disorders

A

Emotions, Attitudes and Behaviors.

86
Q

What are the symptoms of cataracts?

Low Vision

A

Vision is clouded by innumerable dark gray spots.

87
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetic retinopathy?

Low Vision

A

Floating dark spots.

88
Q

What are the symptoms of glaucoma?

Low Vision

A

Tunnel vision / lack of peripheral vision.

89
Q

What are the symptoms of hemianopia?

Low Vision

A

Vision loss on either left or right side with both eyes.

90
Q

What are the symptoms of macular degneration?

Low Vision

A

Blurring or blindness in central vision.

91
Q

What are some options that screen magnification software like ZoomText can provide?

Low Vision

A
  • Magnification.
  • Enhancement of colors.
  • Enhancement of mouse pointer.
  • Enhancement of text cursor / insertion point.
  • Enhancement of control focus.
92
Q

What are the symptoms of deuteranopia?

Color Blindness

A

A common type of color blindness, in which people cannot tell red and green apart.

93
Q

What are the symptoms of protanopia?

Color Blindness

A

A common type of color blindness, in which people cannot tell red and green apart.

94
Q

What are the symptoms of tritanopia?

Color Blindness

A

A less common type of color blindness, in which people cannot tell blue and yellow apart.

95
Q

What are the symptoms of achromatopsia?

Color Blindness

A

A rare type of color blindness, in which people see colors only in grayscale.

96
Q

What specific pairs of colors can people with color blindness have trouble telling apart?

Color Blindness

A
  • Red and Green (deuteranopia and protanopia)
  • Blue and Yellow (tritanopia)
  • Red and Black
97
Q

What are some solutions for people with color blindness?

Color Blindness

A
  • “Design materials so that information is not conveyed by color alone.
  • Allow users to select custom color combinations.”
98
Q

Color Blindness

A
99
Q

What ICT solutions can be provided for deafblind users?

Deafblindness

A
  • Digital text provided via refreshable braille displays.
  • Audio transcripts provided as braille.
  • Haptic feedback.
100
Q

How can deafblind users receive information from speakers?

Deafblindness

A

Tactile sign language interpretation.

101
Q
A

CPACC (2024 version) (10 decks)

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