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CPACC 2024 > Types of Disabilities > Flashcards

Types of Disabilities Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common causes of blindness?

A
  • Diabetes
  • Macular Degeneration
  • Glaucoma
  • Accidents or traumatic injuries to the eye
  • Stroke
  • Retinitis Pigmentosa
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2
Q

What is the legal definition of blindness?

A
  • Visual acuity of 20/200 with corrective lenses
  • Field of vision (what can be seen in front of the person) that is 20 degrees in the eye that has the best vision
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3
Q

What is a screen reader?

A

Software that converts digital text into spoken words.

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4
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot see digital or electronic interfaces (such as computers, automated teller machines (ATMs), mobile devices, airport kiosks, etc)?

A
  • Screen readers can read interfaces and content out loud to users by converting digital text to synthesized speech (if they have been designed to be accessible)
  • Self-voicing interfaces and applications can communicate to users without the need for a screen reader. Appropriate mostly for broadcasting information because they usually do not interact with the interface or content as screen readers do.
  • Refreshable Braille output devices use screen readers to convert digital text to Braille. These devices are typically expensive, and only a minority of blind people know how to read Braille.
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5
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot use screen readers on digital content and interfaces not designed with accessibility in mind?

A
  • Edit markup to make it compatible with the assistive technologies used by blind people.
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6
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot see when walking?

A
  • Canes help blind people feel their surroundings as they walk.
  • Service animals (e.g. “Seeing Eye” dogs), trained to assist blind people, help them navigate their surroundings.
  • GPS-based walking instructions with an audio interface, either automated or via a remote human navigator.
  • Raised tiles on the ground to indicate the edge of a platform, a pathway along a sidewalk, the beginning of a staircase, etc.
  • Eliminate low-hanging architectural features that a blind person could bump into.
  • Clear pathways without obstructions in hallways, sidewalks.
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7
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot see signs or other text on buildings or other areas in the built environment?

A
  • Map and geolocation applications on mobile devices - announce buildings and other info
  • Braille labels (as long as the person knows Braille, and as long as the Braille labels are easy to find)
  • Tactile models of the exterior or of floorplans of buildings (help blind people form a mental map of their surroundings)
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8
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot see or feel the controls on flat interfaces on consumer devices such as microwaves, ovens, dishwashers, etc.

A
  • Alternative interfaces (knobs, other tactile controls)
  • Audio interfaces
  • Mobile apps for remote control
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9
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot read the text on the containers or packaging for consumer items such as medicine, toothpaste, shampoo, sunscreen, hand cream, personal care products, foods, drinks, candy?

A
  • Embossed Braille on packaging
  • Braille stickers on packaging
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10
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot read money to determine its value?

A
  • Mobile apps (photograph the money and read the value to blind people)
  • Paper bills and coins of different sizes, shapes, or textures
  • Non-cash systems of payment (computer, mobile devices)
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11
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot read books, magazines, posters, postal mail, or other printed materials?

A
  • OCR images of the text
  • Place online or in digital formats
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12
Q

What is low vision?

A
  • the ability to see, but vision that is far from perfect, even with powerful lenses
  • someone with low vision may be unable to drive or read printed text unless enlarged
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13
Q

What are common characteristics of blur in low vision individuals?

A

Blur - faces and objects appear blurry, difficult to distinguish details

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14
Q

What are common characteristics of blur with low contrast in low vision individuals?

A
  • Blur with Low Contrast - Blurred vision, sees objects in low contrast (not many bright vs. dark areas)
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15
Q

What are common characteristics of cataracts in low vision individuals?

A

Blind spots in eyes, causes them to miss visual information if it’s in one of their blind spots

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16
Q

What are common characteristics of diabetic retinopathy in low vision individuals?

A

Causes people to see floating dark spots

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17
Q

What are common characteristics of glaucoma in low vision individuals?

A

See only a small area, no peripheral vision. The edges are heavily darkened or vignetted.

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18
Q

What are common characteristics of hemianopia in low vision individuals?

A

Limits vision to a smaller area. Usually on either the right or left side of both eyes.

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19
Q

What are common characteristics of macular degeneration in low vision individuals?

A
  • Eye disease where there is a loss of vision in the center of the eye, the field of vision.
  • People with macular degeneration have peripheral vision, but have blurred vision or a blind spot in central vision.
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20
Q

What are common characteristics of retinal detachment in low vision individuals?

A

Vision can be affected in multiple ways
- Some may experience flashes of light in their vision field
- Some see what is called “floaters” in their vision, which can appear as dark debris floating in front of them.

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21
Q

What is screen magnification?

A
  • When the screen is magnified, it zooms in on a section of the screen and displays it at high resolution
  • Shows a small portion of the screen at a time
  • Examples are ZoomText or MAGic
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22
Q

What are some of the challenges of screen magnifiers?

A
  • If an image is particularly large, a user may need to scroll around the screen to see the whole thing
  • If an alert appears outside focus, the alert may be missed. Better to ensure popups appear in area of focus.
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23
Q

What are the benefits of color customization for individuals with low vision?

A
  • Helps with difficult to read text
  • Some people experience pain when looking at bright lights - all-white backgrounds are difficult - color customization remedies this
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24
Q

What are solutions for individuals who find small text hard to read?

A
  • Screen magnifiers
  • Utilities to enhance contrast, change colors, or alter other aspects of visual appearance
  • Screen readers (but only if the digital information has been designed to be accessible)
  • Self-voicing interfaces (on ATMs, kiosks, transportation systems, etc.), but are best for broadcasting information
  • Alternative large print versions
  • Alternative digital versions (web, mobile applications, etc.) of printed materials
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25
Q

What are solutions for individuals who find low contrast text can be hard to read.

A
  • Software or hardware options to enhance contrast
  • Design using color combinations with high enough contrast to easily read
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26
Q

What is colorblindness?

A
  • The inability to distinguish between certain kinds of colors (not see no color at all)
  • Especially applies to colors of equal brightness or luminosity, even if colors appear different to someone without color-blindness
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27
Q

What is the most common form of colorblindness?

A
  • Red-green color-blindness.
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28
Q

What are two common sub-types of red-green color-blindness?

A
  • Deuteranopia
  • Protanopia
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29
Q

What are assistive technologies for colorblindness?

A
  • Not many available - you mainly have to live with it
  • EnChroma has developed glasses
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30
Q

What are solutions for individuals who find certain color combinations—red and green in particular—difficult to distinguish?

A
  • Design so users do not depend on color to convey information
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31
Q

What is an assistive technology for deafblindness?

A
  • Refreshable Braille display (in combination with a screen reader)
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32
Q

What is a refreshable braille display?

A
  • Refreshable Braille displays have a line of holes in the physical interface that allow small pins to come up and down to form Braille characters
  • The screen reader sends a line of text to the refreshable Braille display
  • Users read the text on that line, then press a button to go to the next line. The pins drop down, then come up in a new configuration to reflect the new line of text.
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33
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot see digital text?

A
  • Screen reader
  • Screen reader paired with refreshable Braille device or “printed” in a Braille embosser
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34
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot hear audio (including the audio portion of videos)?

A
  • Closed captions
  • Transcripts
  • Convert text transcript to refreshable Braille by a screen reader or “printed” in a Braille embosser
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35
Q

What are auditory disabilities?

A
  • Hearing impairment, hearing loss, and deafness
  • Diminished hearing
  • May have difficulty understanding speech
  • Difficulty distinguishing foreground noise from background noise
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36
Q

What are causes of auditory disabilities?

A
  • Genetics
  • premature birth
  • Infections/illnesses
  • Ear trauma
  • Exposure to loud noises
  • Aging
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37
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot hear the audio portion of videos?

A
  • Provide synchronized captions with videos
  • Provide sign language interpretation
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38
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot hear audio content?

A
  • Provide a transcript
  • Provide sign language interpretation
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39
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot hear speeches and talks in a room?

A
  • Provide sign language interpretation
  • Provide live captions on a monitor during the speech
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40
Q

What are solutions for individuals who cannot hear doorbells, alarms, and other sounds?

A
  • Provide alternative visual alerts, such as lights that flash, pulse, dim, turn on, or turn off
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41
Q

What are motor disabilities?

A
  • Condition that impairs a person’s physical movements
    Examples:
  • Partial or complete paralysis of a hand
  • Tremors in the hands
  • Missing one or more hands
42
Q

What are assistive technologies used by people with motor disabilities?

A
  • Vertical Keyboard with Mouth Stick
  • One-Handed Keyboard
  • Expanded Keyboard with Raised Sections Between Keys
  • Speech Recognition
43
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may be unable to use a mouse due to difficulty or inability to use hands?

A
  • Alternative keyboard
  • Mouth stick
  • Single switch devices
  • Speech recognition software
  • Eye tracking technologies
  • Developers and designers must ensure digital content is accessible using keyboard devices
44
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may need more time to interact with digital content and interfaces due to slower movements?

A
  • Design to alert users to session timeouts
  • Provide users with a way to adjust the time, extend the time or turn off the time limit
45
Q

What are solutions for individuals who use a wheelchair and are unable to use steps?

A
  • Accessible ramps in addition to steps
  • Accessible parking
  • Within buildings, ensure that ramps and elevators are provided and accessible
  • Ensure that accessible routes outside and within the building are labeled and clearly identifiable
46
Q

What are solutions for individuals who use wheelchairs to navigate through tight spaces?

A
  • Doors, hallways, rooms, and restrooms should be wide enough for everyone, including wheelchair users, to use
  • All corridors and routes should be unobstructed
47
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may have difficulty using hands or arms to open doors?

A
  • Provide automatic doors or doors than can be opened using a large button
  • Equip doors with lever-type handles/doorknobs for easier opening or closing
48
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may be unable to turn pages of books, magazines, information pamphlets, or other printed materials?

A
  • Consider providing printed materials in a digital format that may allow people to use their own assistive technologies
  • Touch screen interfaces
49
Q

What are cognitive disabilities?

A

Many kinds and variations within them, including:
- Limited comprehension, such as difficulty understanding complex ideas or metaphors
- High cognitive functions in one area but lower cognitive functions in other areas
- Low tolerance for cognitive overload
- Limited problem-solving skills
- Short-term memory loss
- Attention deficit

50
Q

What are some causes of cognitive disabilities?

A
  • Congenital conditions that are with an individual from birth
  • Developmental conditions that are with a person from a young age
  • Traumatic injury
  • Infections
  • Chemical imbalances
  • Other conditions later in life
51
Q

What is limited comprehension related to cognitive disabilities?

A
  • May not be able to understand complex ideas
  • Difficulty with metaphors or abstract language
  • May not understand some kinds of slang or idiomatic expressions
  • May have exceptionally high cognitive functions in one area—the ability to remember numbers or conversations—but low cognitive functions in other areas, such as social skills or emotional awareness
52
Q

What is low tolerance for cognitive overload related to cognitive disabilities?

A
  • Become frustrated or upset when they sense difficult situations
  • Frustration with too many things in their environment happening at the same time
  • Cannot handle the complexity of the moment
  • They need things to be simple and straightforward
  • Too many choices can cause them to freeze, they may be emotionally unable to change their state of mind until later, long after the moment has passed
53
Q

What is limited problem-solving skills related to cognitive disabilities?

A
  • difficulty or inability to solve a problem - may not even attempt to solve it
  • Example: may not know what action to take when presented with a CAPTCHA
54
Q

What is short term memory loss related to cognitive disabilities?

A
  • Difficulty remembering things from one moment to the next
  • Brains don’t allow them to focus on new information, don’t retain in short term
  • Long web processes (online purchases, account sign-up) can cause users to forget what they were doing
  • Lose track of information they need to remember from one step to the next
55
Q

What is attention deficit related to cognitive disabilities?

A
  • Difficulty focusing on the task at hand
  • May get lost in their own thoughts
  • May find online advertisements too alluring, causing them to forget why they went to the website in the first place
56
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may find complex designs and tasks in digital format overwhelming?

A
  • Create simple, predictable, organized designs
  • Simplify user interface components.
57
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may have difficulty solving technical problems or fixing errors?

A
  • Ensure users are alerted to errors
  • Provide clear solutions to fix errors.
58
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may have difficulty processing information, especially text-based information that uses complex language?

A
  • Supplement text-based information with images and other visuals to reinforce understanding
  • Use simple, easy-to-understand language when presenting text-based information
59
Q

What is dyslexia?

A
  • Difficulty reading
  • Have high levels of cognitive functioning, but visual encoding of text is difficult
  • May have difficult spelling or reading words
  • Some people have described their experiences of reading with dyslexia as letters appearing to move around, switch around, and swap in and out of place
60
Q

What are solutions for individuals who often perceive words as floating and not in a line?

A
  • Use a special font developed for Dyslexia (which weights the letters down and makes similar figures appear differently)
  • May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
61
Q

What are solutions for individuals who often read words differently than others such as seeing p b d q as the same letter?

A
  • Allow user to change the font or contrast
  • Allow user to add an underline to text to keep words in line
  • May be granted additional time to complete tasks
62
Q

What are solutions for individuals who often require additional time to read and process content?

A
  • Can extend time outs and return to the same location on the page
  • Can use a screen reader to get content in an auditory method to reinforce what is being seen
  • Can use screen readers which highlight the word or phrase being read to assist with tracking
  • Can use enhance visible focus indicators to keep track of their position on the page
  • Can use special programs or dictionaries which present words with pictures
  • May be granted additional time to complete tasks
63
Q

What are solutions for individuals who often have difficulty deciphering web content from the way it is presented?

A
  • May apply a custom style sheet
64
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may have difficulty solving problems presented through security features such as CAPTCHA?

A
  • Ability to change the type of problem presented
65
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may have difficulty processing content through visual means?

A
  • Can use a screen reader to get content in an auditory method to reinforce what is being seen
  • May be granted additional time to complete tasks
66
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may have a hard time spelling words correctly?

A
  • Can use a spelling and grammar checker
67
Q

What are math disabilities?

A
  • Some experience cath anxiety (emotional or psychological fear that grips some people when confronted with math problems)
  • Others truly cannot solve mathematical problems because their brains are not capable of that kind of thinking
68
Q

What are solutions for individuals who have an inability to perform calculations?

A
  • Can use an accessibility accommodation link to a reference sheet with common equations when provided
  • Can use an onscreen calculator as an accommodation
  • May be granted additional time to complete tasks
69
Q

What are speech disabilities?

A
  • Inability to produce or organize speech sounds and syllables correctly or with fluency
  • May be a total loss of voice
70
Q

What are some causes of speech disabilities?

A
  • Genetic disability
    -Learning disabilities
  • Auditory disabilities
  • Autism spectrum disorder
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Stroke
  • Cancer (oral or laryngeal)
71
Q

What is stuttering (speech disability)?

A
  • Affects the fluency of speech sounds
  • Words or parts of words may be involuntarily repeated
  • Speech sounds may be prolonged
  • Speech sounds may be stopped or blocked completely
72
Q

What is cluttering (speech disability)?

A
  • Affects the fluency of speech
  • Consists of rapid speech that may be inconsistent in rhythm and lack syntax or grammar
  • Speech may be clear at first, but increases at a quick rate
  • Slurred speech may also occur.
73
Q

What is apraxia (speech disability)?

A
  • Motor speech disability that occurs when a person has difficulty using muscles for speech production to form sounds of words
  • May take a person several attempts to say the correct word
74
Q

What is dysarthria (speech disability)?

A
  • Motor speech disability that occurs due to brain damage
  • The muscles for speech production are impaired, causing slurred speech, slow speech, mumbling, or a voice that may sound hoarse or breathy
75
Q

What are speech sound disorders (speech disability)?

A
  • Disorders where certain sounds of speech may be difficult to produce, specifically consonant sounds
  • They are generally categorized as articulation disorders or phonemic disorders
76
Q

What are articulation disorders (speech disability)?

A
  • Involve difficulty in physically producing speech sounds
  • Certain speech sounds may be either omitted or added, substituted for other sounds, or the sound is distorted
77
Q

What are phonemic disorders (speech disability)?

A
  • Difficulty in distinguishing speech sounds in languages
  • Only a few sounds may be used, thus affecting word meaning
  • For example, the words “call” and “tall” may both be pronounced as “tall”, even though the person may be attempting to use the word “call” and its meaning in his or her statement
78
Q

What is muteness (speech disability)?

A
  • Complete inability to produce a speaking voice
79
Q

What is Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)?

A
  • All of the different types of communication (outside of oral speech) that people with speech disabilities can use to express themselves
  • Supplements or replaces speech
80
Q

What are the two types of AAC?

A
  • Unaided AAC
  • Aided AAC
81
Q

What is Unaided AAC?

A
  • Do not rely on the use of external tools
  • Rely on nonverbal communication like body language, facial expressions, gestures and sign language
82
Q

What is Aided AAC?

A
  • Rely on the use of an electronic or non-electronic tool and the person’s body
  • Communication books and boards, to pen and paper, to electronic devices that produce computer-generated voices
    Communication aids that do not require electricity are referred to as low-tech communication aids. Those that do require electricity are high-tech communication aids and often allow people to store and retrieve messages.
83
Q

What differentiates low-tech from high-tech communication aids?

A
  • Low-tech - do not require electricity
  • High-tech - require electricity and often store and retrieve messages
84
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may be unable to communicate with voice-based technology tools like virtual meetings?

A
  • Provide text-based alternative solutions such as chat, email, and forms
85
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may have another disability that could be one or more of the following: hearing loss, difficulty with fine motor movements, processing information, or visual impairment?

A
  • Ensure that all digital content is compatible with several assistive technologies such as screen readers
  • Provide captions and transcripts for video and audio materials
  • Check that digital content is keyboard accessible
  • Present information in multiple formats to assist with information processing.
86
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may be a wheelchair user, or may have difficulty using hands or arms?

A

Same as motor disabilities

  • Vertical Keyboard with Mouth Stick
  • One-Handed Keyboard
  • Expanded Keyboard with Raised Sections Between Keys
  • Speech Recognition
87
Q

What are solutions for individuals who may have difficulty with producing speech sounds?

A
  • May use low tech AAC, such as communication boards or gestures to supplement speech
  • May use high tech AAC, such as computer-generated voices to replace speech
  • Be patient and give people time to communicate thoughts
  • Ask for clarification, if necessary
88
Q

What are seizure disorders?

A

Seizures are abnormal or erratic electrical impulses in the brain that interfere with a person’s ability to process information or, in some cases, control voluntary muscle movement
- Some seizures can result in violent convulsions that put a person at risk of injury

89
Q

What causes seizure disorders?

A
  • Brain injury
  • Dehydration
  • Sleep deprivation
  • Infections
  • Fevers
  • Drug overdoses
  • Drug withdrawals
  • Flashing lights
90
Q

What are photo-epileptic seizures?

A
  • Caused by flashing lights
91
Q

What are solutions for individuals who have sensitivity to flashing lights, blinking, and flickering stimuli?

A
  • Avoid creating animations, videos, and other graphics, that have flashing or strobe-like effects whenever possible
  • If flashing content must be used, flashing should not last for more than three (3) seconds
92
Q

What are psychological and psychiatric disabilities?

A
  • Vast range of emotional and mental conditions
  • These conditions are first diagnosed as “mental illness”. When the mental illness disorder impacts daily major life activities, it then becomes a disability
  • Examples of psychological disabilities include depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and schizophrenia
93
Q

Name 4 anxiety disorders and describe them.

A
  • Panic Disorder - anxiety disorder that causes feelings of terror and impending doom.
  • May experience symptoms that closely resemble a heart attack at any time
  • Phobias - strong, excessive, paralyzing fears of particular objects or situations
  • Examples include claustrophobia, a fear of enclosed areas; arachnophobia, a fear of spiders and other arachnids.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD - an anxiety disorder that may occur after a person has been exposed to a terrifying or traumatic event
  • Acts of violence, war, natural disasters, and other life-threatening events may cause PTSD.
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - an anxiety disorder where a person has perpetually upsetting, distressing thoughts called obsessions
94
Q

What are mood disorders?

A
  • Cause erratic changes in a person’s mood
  • Can cause mood fluctuations ranging from happiness to sadness, or lengthy periods of sadness
  • Also known as affective disorders or depressive disorders
95
Q

Name and describe three mood disorders.

A
  • Depression - brain disorder. Prolonged sadness, loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities, worthless feelings, or suicidal thoughts
  • Causes of depression can be genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological
  • Bipolar Disorder - mood disorder that consists of cycling periods of feeling mania, or highs and happy feelings; and depression, or low, sad feelings
  • Seasonal Affective Disorder, or SAD, - mood disorder that affects individuals during the fall and winter months, possibly due to shortened daylight
96
Q

What are schizophrenia?

A
  • Positive schizophrenia experiences involve hallucinations and delusions
  • People with positive schizophrenia see things and hear voices.
  • Negative schizophrenia experiences involve a lack of motivation, a dreary mood, and isolating oneself from society.
97
Q

What are personality disorders?

A
  • Cause a person’s behavior and experiences to persistently deviate from cultural expectations
98
Q

What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A
  • A person exhibits a pattern of behavior that shows no regard for the rights of others and violates the rights of others
99
Q

What is Borderline Personality Disorder?

A
  • A person experiences long-term instability in mood, behaviors, relationships and self-image
  • May experience lingering feelings of loneliness, boredom, and anger
100
Q

What are compound disorders?

A
  • Combination of two or more disabilities that may involve speech, motor, visual and hearing impairments, as well as a learning disability or an intellectual disability.

CPACC 2024 (11 decks)

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