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Eval. Science II Final > Types of Data & Statistical Analysis (Final Exam) > Flashcards

Types of Data & Statistical Analysis (Final Exam) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main categories of data?

A
  1. Quantitative data

2. Categorical data

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2
Q

What are the two sub-types of Quantitative data?

A
  1. Continuous

2. Discrete

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3
Q

Which sub-type of data discussed considers all values possible within a range? (i.e. shear strength of porcelain)

A

Continuous Quantitative data

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4
Q

Which sub-type of data discussed considers only certain values possible in a range? (e.g. number of decayed teeth a person has–possible values 0-32)

A

Discrete Quantitative data

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5
Q

What are the two sub-types of Categorical data?

A
  1. Nominal

2. Ordinal

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6
Q

What sub-type of data discussed involves data falling into a category, but there is no order to the data? (e.g. presence/absence of oral cancer, or race/ethnicity)

A

Nominal Categorical data

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7
Q

What sub-type of data discussed involves data that has specific order to it? (i.e. Never, Few times/month, Few times/week, Every day)

A

Ordinal Categorical data

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8
Q

In what 4 ways is Quantitative data is described as?

A
  1. Mean
  2. Median
  3. Mode
  4. SD
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9
Q

What type of Quantitative data is sensitive to extreme values?

A

Mean

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10
Q

What type of Quantitative data is less sensitive to extreme values?

A

Median

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11
Q

In what the 2 ways Categorical data is described as?

A
  1. Frequency

2. Percentage

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12
Q

What type of Categorical data is the count of a given outcome or in each category?

A

Frequency

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13
Q

What type of Categorical data is the count of a given outcome per hundred showing proportion of each category out of the total?

A

Percentage

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14
Q

Which letter is representative or Correlation?

A

r

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15
Q

What is the square of correlation (r^2) representative of?

A

The fraction of variation in Y explained by X.

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16
Q

The ____ the r^2, the better the fit of the regression line is.

A

Higher

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17
Q

“Usually states there is no difference between two groups being compared or no effect of a product or intervention; u1=u2”

A

H0: Test Hypothesis (null)

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18
Q

“Usually states that there IS a difference between two groups being compared or an effect of a product or intervention; often the one the researcher thinks is the “truth”.”

A

Ha

19
Q

In a directional hypothesis, u1 ___u2

A

>

20
Q

In a non-directional hypothesis, u1 ____u2

A

Does NOT equal

21
Q

What type of error involves rejecting the null hypothesis that is actually true in the population?

A

Type I Error

22
Q

Which letter describes the level of statistical significance and is interpreted as the maximum chance of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true?

A

Alpha

23
Q

What type of error involves failing to reject (accept) the null hypothesis that is actually false in the population?

A

Type II Error

24
Q

Which letter describes the probability of a type II error?

A

Beta

25
Q

Power is calculated as _____ and is related to the sample size used in the study.

A

1-Beta

26
Q

“The probability, assuming that the null hypothesis is true, of seeing an effect as extreme or more extreme than that in the study by chance.”

A

P-value

27
Q

If the P-value is less than or equal to Alpha, what does this indicate?

A

You should reject the null hypothesis.

28
Q

If the P-vaue is greater than Alpha, what does this indicate?

A

You should fail to reject the null hypothesis

29
Q

“A range of values about a sample statistic that we are confident that the true population parameter lies”

A

Confidence Intervals

30
Q

Researcher’s commonly set Confidence Intervals at ____%.

A

95%

31
Q

How are Confidence Intervals interpreted?

A

If the data collection and analysis is repeated over and over, the CI will include the correct value 95% of the time.

32
Q

“Statistical test that can be used to determine whether the mean value of a continuous outcome variable differs significantly between two independent groups (i.e. comparing the mean years of survival for implants in women vs. men to see if they differ significantly)”

A

T-test

33
Q

What type of test assumes approximate normal distribution of the variable of interest in the groups being compared?

A

T-test

34
Q

The __________ can be used when the outcome variable of interest is only being examined in one group (testing difference from 0 or some given value).

A

One-Sample T-test

35
Q

The __________can be used when subjects are matched in pairs and their outcomes are compared within each matched pair (including where observations are taken on the same subjects before and after a given intervention).

A

Matched-Pair T-test

36
Q

When comparing categorical data, the _______ test can be used to compare the proportion of subjects in each of two groups who have a dichotomous outcome (i.e. comparing the presence of periodontitis in diabetics vs. non-diabetics)

A

Chi-squared test

37
Q

_____ is a, “statistical method that allows for comparison of several population means”

A

ANOVA (analysis of variance)

38
Q

ANOVA uses the _____ statistic in relation to alpha to determine whether of not the null hypothesis should be rejected or not.

A

F-statistic

39
Q

A study that compares the strengths of composite A, B and C to see if they are significantly different would be referred to as?

A

ANOVA (analysis of evidence)

40
Q

“Situation in which a non-casual association between a given exposure and an outcome is observed as a result of the influence of a third variable.”

A

Confounding (usually designated a confounding variable or confounder).

41
Q

A variable is a confounder if:

A
  1. It is a known risk factor for the outcome

2. It is associated with the exposure but is not the result of the exposure

42
Q

How to do you evaluate if a covariate is a confounder?

A

1: Is it associated with exposure?
2: Is it casually associated with outcome?

If YES, then:

Step 1: Calculate Crude Association
Step 2: Calculate stratum specific association

43
Q

_____ can lead us to conclude a casual relationship, when in fact, there is none or vice versa.

A

Confounding (confounding is NOT an “all or none” phenomenon”

Eval. Science II Final (2 decks)

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