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Eval. Science II Final > EBD & Types of Studies (Final Exam) > Flashcards

EBD & Types of Studies (Final Exam) Flashcards

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1
Q

3 components of EBD:

A
  • Best available scientific evidence
  • Clinical skills & judgement
  • Patient needs & preferences
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2
Q

(T/F) EBD will tell practitioner’s what they should or should not do

A

False

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3
Q

(T/F) EBD can facilitate, but does not guarantee, making better decisions in the provision of dental care

A

True

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4
Q

“Application of the current, best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.”

A

Evidence-based Practice

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5
Q

EBD steps (5 steps)

A
  1. Formulate clinically relevant question
  2. Find best available evidence
  3. Review evidence for its validity and applicability, strengths & weaknesses
  4. Integrate best research evidence with your clinical expertise and patient’s needs, desires and values
  5. Evaluate your efforts and seek ways to improve (self-evaluate)
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6
Q

What are the two best levels of evidence?

A
  • Systematic reviews

- RCT’s

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7
Q

Quality of information hierarchy:

A
  1. RCT
  2. Cohorts, Case-control, non-randomized clinical trials
  3. Cross-sectional studies
  4. Case reports
  5. Personal opinion
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8
Q

In regards to diagnosis, prognosis or causation, which two types of studies are appropriate?

A
  • Longitudinal studies

- Cohort studies

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9
Q

“A comprehensive search for all relevant studies on a specific topic and those identified are then appraised and synthesized according to predetermined and explicit criteria.”

A

Systematic Literature Review

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10
Q

“Study of distribution of diseases and determinants of disease frequency in populations.” (Study of “causes” of diseases)

A

Epidemiology

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11
Q

What is the goal of Epidemiology?

A

Control health problems & improve health at population level. Operationally, it identifies factors that are “causes” and are potentially modifiable.

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12
Q

“Usual occurrence of a disease in a given population.”

A

Endemic

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13
Q

“Meaningful increase in occurrence of a disease in a given population.”

A

Epidemic

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14
Q

“Spread of a disease across a large region or worldwide”

A

Pandemic

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15
Q

“Exposure of interest”

A

Independent variable (E)

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16
Q

“Outcome of interest”

A

Dependent variable (D)

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17
Q

“A factor, which if present, increases probability of disease occurrence.”

A

Risk Factor

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18
Q

4 Quantification scales in epidemiology?

A
  1. Nominal (names)
  2. Ordinal (follows order based on severity)
  3. Interval (follows mathematical order but has NO true zero)
  4. Ratio (follows mathematical order and has a defined zero)
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19
Q

= # of cases/# person in population at specified time

A

Prevalence

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20
Q

= # of new cases of disease/ population at risk over a time period

A

Incidence rate

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21
Q

____ is NOT a rate, however, ____ is a rate and is not meaningful without a time unit.

A

Prevalence; Incidence

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22
Q

____ rates are concerned with the number of new cases among persons at risk for a specific follow-up period

A

Incidence rates

23
Q

In what type of study do you observe the outcome without intervening?

A

Observational study

24
Q

In what type of study does the researcher manipulate the exposure (usually drug or tx) to compared it to the standard of care?

A

Experimental study

25
Q

What are the three different types of observational studies?

A
  1. Cohort
  2. Case-Control
  3. Cross-Sectional
26
Q

In what type of observational study are subjects selected based on their exposure status?

A

Cohort studies

27
Q

What type of observational study is good for assessing rare exposures and rapidly fatal diseases?

A

Cohort studies

28
Q

In what type of observational study can you calculate incidence among exposed and unexposed?

A

Cohort studies

29
Q

What are some disadvantages of Cohort studies?

A
  • Expensive
  • *Inefficient for rare disease
  • Long follow-up
30
Q

In what type of observational study are subjects selected based on their disease status?

A

Case-Control studies

31
Q

In a case-control study, the cases and controls should be different only in regards to their ______.

A

Past exposure

32
Q

In which type of observational study do participants have an equal chance of being exposed?

A

Case-Control studies

33
Q

What type of observational study is efficient for rare disease?

A

Case-Control studies

34
Q

What type of observational study is NOT optimal for rare exposures?

A

Case-Control studies

35
Q

What type of observational study is the most basic study design where selection of subjects is neither based upon exposure or disease status?

A

Cross-Sectional studies

36
Q

What are two types of Experimental Studies?

A
  • RCT

- Community intervention trials

37
Q

What type of study are sub-types of cohort studies in which exposure (i.e Tx) is randomly assigned by the investigator?

A

RCT’s

38
Q

In which type of RCT does the participant NOT know, but the investigator does know tx assignment?

A

Single-blinded RCT’s

39
Q

In which type of RCT do neither the participants nor investigators know tx assignment?

A

Double-blinded RCT’s

40
Q

What is the purpose of blind-studies?

A

Remove bias or systematic error

41
Q

What type of bias involves drawing different conclusions depending on their knowledge of which study arm a particular patient is in?

A

Information bias

42
Q

What type of bias involves study recruiters being eager to recruit “sick persons” into experimental arm?

A

Selection bias

43
Q

What are the 4 key elements in Randomized Clinical Trials?

A
  1. Selection of study population
  2. Allocation of tx/intervention
  3. Study conduct and compliance
  4. Follow-up and establishing outcomes
44
Q

“A systemic complete summary of the literature” is described as ____.

A

Systematic reviews

45
Q

“Combined analysis of data from different studies following strict guidelines.”

A

Meta-analysis

46
Q

“The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.”

A

Evidence-based Medicine

47
Q

“Must be the first disclosure containing sufficient info. to enable peers to assess observations, repeat experiments and to evaluate intellectual processes.”

A

Primary source

48
Q

“Includes most books, review articles and indexes to the literature and usually summarizes, reviews or organizes info.”

A

Secondary source

49
Q

This process is, “a form of quality control and it provides high quality publications but is not infallible.”

A

Peer-reviewed process

50
Q

“Measure of a particular journal’s impact based on how often that journal’s articles are cited.”

A

Impact Factor (IF)

51
Q

Impact Factor (IF) = ______

A

Citations in year/Total # articles published in past 2 years

52
Q

“Degree to which results of a study are likely to approximate to the truth”

A

Internal validity

53
Q

What are the threats to Internal validity?

A
  • Bias
  • Error
  • Confounding
54
Q

“Extent to which the effects observed are applicable to a broader population; inference can only correctly be made to the population from which the sample was drawn.”

A

External validity (generalizability)

Eval. Science II Final (2 decks)

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