Types and methods of practice Flashcards
what are the different types of practice?
part practice
whole practice
whole-part-whole practice
progressive part practice
fixed practice
varied practice
massed practice
distributed practice
what is part practice?
- the skill is broken down into parts/sections/subroutines for practice
- each subroutine can be practiced individually and can be grooved before practicing the full skill
when should part practice be used?
- skill has high complexity
- skill is low organisation
- skill has independent subroutines
- skill has slow or serial tasks
- skill is of long duration
- skill is dangerous (reduce risk of injury)
who is part practice used by?
beginners, novices, inexperienced, learners (cognitive stage of learning)
what are the advantages of part practice?
- confidence + motivation increase as success is experienced during each subroutine
- reduces information overload
- danger is reduced
what are the disadvantages of part practice?
- time consuming
- cannot be used for highly organised skills where subroutines are difficult to separate
- fluency between subroutines can be negatively affected
- performer may lose motivation as not performing whole skill
- kinaesthesis for the whole skill is not experienced until the end
what is whole practice?
- the skill is not broken down into parts or subroutines and is practiced in its entirety
when should whole practice be used?
- skill is simple
- skill has high organisation
- skill is fast or ballistic
- skill is continuous
- skill is discrete
- skill is closed
- skill presents no danger
who is whole practice used by?
experienced, high levels of concentration, highly motivated, in later stage of learning (autonomous)
what are the advantages of whole practice?
- develops a kinaesthesis for the full skill
- fluency between subroutines is maintained
- not time consuming
- performer can develop mental image of full skill
what are the disadvantages of whole practice?
- can cause information overload (difficult with cognitive learners)
- can cause fatigue
- performer must be physically capable
- failure can lead to loss of motivation
what is whole-part-whole practice?
- the learner attempts the full skill and then one subroutine is practiced in isolation, before it is integrated back into the whole skill
what are the advantages of whole-part-whole practice?
- weak(er) subroutines can be isolated and improvised in the part stage
- kinaesthesis is maintained in the whole stage
- confidence + motivation increase
- fluency between subroutines is maintained
what are the disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice?
- ineffective in highly organised skills because cannot be separated into parts
- kinaesthesis + fluency can be negatively affect if not integrated quickly into full skill
- time consuming
what is progressive part practice?
- the coach isolates + teaches the first subroutine/part
- the performer will practise until it is perfected
- the subsequent parts/subroutines are isolated, practised + added sequentially until the whole skill can be performed (chaining)
- teach A , B , AB , C , BC , ABC
when should progressive part practice be used?
- skill is complex - reduces need to make several decisions at once
- skill has low organisation or is serial - can be separated into subroutines
- with cognitive performers to prevent overload
what are the advantages of progressive part practice?
- focus on one subroutine prevents overload
- prevents fatigue
- confidence + motivation increase
- danger is reduced
what are the disadvantages of progressive part practice?
- time consuming
- difficult for highly organised skills
- fluency between subroutines can be affected - skill can look jerky
- kinaesthesis for skill is not felt until the end
what is fixed practice?
- practice the same skill in a stable environment
- the skill is repeated over + over
when should fixed practice be used?
- skill is closed
- skill is simple
- with cognitive performers to prevent overload
what are the advantages of fixed practice?
- grooves/overlearns the skill - develops muscle memory
- advanced performers can correct skill or subroutine
- beginners can develop a motor programme
- effective for motivated athletes
- performer can focus on technique
what are the disadvantages of fixed practice?
- performer may find it boring + lose motivation
- fatigue
- difficult to transfer from stable environment to competitive game situation
what is varied practice?
- the performer practises skills and drills in a constantly changing environment
- the skill can be developed by making drills progressively harder
when should varied practice be used?
- skill is open
- skill is externally paced
- skill is complex
what are the advantages of varied practice?
- beginners (cognitive) develop a range of experiences that transfer into a game situation
- motivating as offers variety of practice
- develops schema (performer stores a generalised series of movement patterns that are modified to adapt to the ‘current’ environment)
what are the disadvantages of varied practice?
- time consuming
- possibility of overload if too many drills
- may cause negative transfer
what is massed practice?
- the performer practises continuously without rest periods
when should massed practice be used?
- skill is discrete
- skill is closed
- skill is self-paced
- used by an autonomous performer
what are the advantages of massed practice?
- fitness is developed
- game situation fatigue is simulated
- responses become habitual
what are the disadvantages of massed practice?
- causes fatigue
- no time for feedback
what is distributed practice?
- the performer undertakes physical practice and interspaces this with rest periods
- during the rest period they can mentally rehearse or receive feedback from a coach
when should distributed practice be used?
- skill is complex
- skill is serial
- skill is low organisation
- skill is externally-paced or open
what are the advantages of distributed practice?
- performer can use feedback to develop skill or subroutine
- unfit performer benefits from rest
- mental + physical practice is effective when used together
- facilitates coaching
- player motivated by praise from coach
what are the disadvantages of distributed practice?
- time consuming
- rest periods may lead to lack of focus
