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PE P2 - Skill Acquisition > Types and methods of practice > Flashcards

Types and methods of practice Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different types of practice?

A

part practice
whole practice
whole-part-whole practice
progressive part practice
fixed practice
varied practice
massed practice
distributed practice

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2
Q

what is part practice?

A
  • the skill is broken down into parts/sections/subroutines for practice
  • each subroutine can be practiced individually and can be grooved before practicing the full skill
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3
Q

when should part practice be used?

A
  • skill has high complexity
  • skill is low organisation
  • skill has independent subroutines
  • skill has slow or serial tasks
  • skill is of long duration
  • skill is dangerous (reduce risk of injury)
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4
Q

who is part practice used by?

A

beginners, novices, inexperienced, learners (cognitive stage of learning)

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5
Q

what are the advantages of part practice?

A
  • confidence + motivation increase as success is experienced during each subroutine
  • reduces information overload
  • danger is reduced
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6
Q

what are the disadvantages of part practice?

A
  • time consuming
  • cannot be used for highly organised skills where subroutines are difficult to separate
  • fluency between subroutines can be negatively affected
  • performer may lose motivation as not performing whole skill
  • kinaesthesis for the whole skill is not experienced until the end
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7
Q

what is whole practice?

A
  • the skill is not broken down into parts or subroutines and is practiced in its entirety
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8
Q

when should whole practice be used?

A
  • skill is simple
  • skill has high organisation
  • skill is fast or ballistic
  • skill is continuous
  • skill is discrete
  • skill is closed
  • skill presents no danger
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9
Q

who is whole practice used by?

A

experienced, high levels of concentration, highly motivated, in later stage of learning (autonomous)

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10
Q

what are the advantages of whole practice?

A
  • develops a kinaesthesis for the full skill
  • fluency between subroutines is maintained
  • not time consuming
  • performer can develop mental image of full skill
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11
Q

what are the disadvantages of whole practice?

A
  • can cause information overload (difficult with cognitive learners)
  • can cause fatigue
  • performer must be physically capable
  • failure can lead to loss of motivation
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12
Q

what is whole-part-whole practice?

A
  • the learner attempts the full skill and then one subroutine is practiced in isolation, before it is integrated back into the whole skill
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13
Q

what are the advantages of whole-part-whole practice?

A
  • weak(er) subroutines can be isolated and improvised in the part stage
  • kinaesthesis is maintained in the whole stage
  • confidence + motivation increase
  • fluency between subroutines is maintained
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14
Q

what are the disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice?

A
  • ineffective in highly organised skills because cannot be separated into parts
  • kinaesthesis + fluency can be negatively affect if not integrated quickly into full skill
  • time consuming
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15
Q

what is progressive part practice?

A
  • the coach isolates + teaches the first subroutine/part
  • the performer will practise until it is perfected
  • the subsequent parts/subroutines are isolated, practised + added sequentially until the whole skill can be performed (chaining)
  • teach A , B , AB , C , BC , ABC
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16
Q

when should progressive part practice be used?

A
  • skill is complex - reduces need to make several decisions at once
  • skill has low organisation or is serial - can be separated into subroutines
  • with cognitive performers to prevent overload
17
Q

what are the advantages of progressive part practice?

A
  • focus on one subroutine prevents overload
  • prevents fatigue
  • confidence + motivation increase
  • danger is reduced
18
Q

what are the disadvantages of progressive part practice?

A
  • time consuming
  • difficult for highly organised skills
  • fluency between subroutines can be affected - skill can look jerky
  • kinaesthesis for skill is not felt until the end
19
Q

what is fixed practice?

A
  • practice the same skill in a stable environment
  • the skill is repeated over + over
20
Q

when should fixed practice be used?

A
  • skill is closed
  • skill is simple
  • with cognitive performers to prevent overload
21
Q

what are the advantages of fixed practice?

A
  • grooves/overlearns the skill - develops muscle memory
  • advanced performers can correct skill or subroutine
  • beginners can develop a motor programme
  • effective for motivated athletes
  • performer can focus on technique
22
Q

what are the disadvantages of fixed practice?

A
  • performer may find it boring + lose motivation
  • fatigue
  • difficult to transfer from stable environment to competitive game situation
23
Q

what is varied practice?

A
  • the performer practises skills and drills in a constantly changing environment
  • the skill can be developed by making drills progressively harder
24
Q

when should varied practice be used?

A
  • skill is open
  • skill is externally paced
  • skill is complex
25
Q

what are the advantages of varied practice?

A
  • beginners (cognitive) develop a range of experiences that transfer into a game situation
  • motivating as offers variety of practice
  • develops schema (performer stores a generalised series of movement patterns that are modified to adapt to the ‘current’ environment)
26
Q

what are the disadvantages of varied practice?

A
  • time consuming
  • possibility of overload if too many drills
  • may cause negative transfer
27
Q

what is massed practice?

A
  • the performer practises continuously without rest periods
28
Q

when should massed practice be used?

A
  • skill is discrete
  • skill is closed
  • skill is self-paced
  • used by an autonomous performer
29
Q

what are the advantages of massed practice?

A
  • fitness is developed
  • game situation fatigue is simulated
  • responses become habitual
30
Q

what are the disadvantages of massed practice?

A
  • causes fatigue
  • no time for feedback
31
Q

what is distributed practice?

A
  • the performer undertakes physical practice and interspaces this with rest periods
  • during the rest period they can mentally rehearse or receive feedback from a coach
32
Q

when should distributed practice be used?

A
  • skill is complex
  • skill is serial
  • skill is low organisation
  • skill is externally-paced or open
33
Q

what are the advantages of distributed practice?

A
  • performer can use feedback to develop skill or subroutine
  • unfit performer benefits from rest
  • mental + physical practice is effective when used together
  • facilitates coaching
  • player motivated by praise from coach
34
Q

what are the disadvantages of distributed practice?

A
  • time consuming
  • rest periods may lead to lack of focus

PE P2 - Skill Acquisition (2 decks)

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