TYPED OUT NOTES-ENG AS-LEVEL

Question 1

Timeline of events: 1625-1629

Answer 1

1625:(MAR) James dies
(JUNE) 1st parliament, Tonnage and poundage only for 1 year
(SEPT) Cadiz fails

1626: C calls 2nd Parliament
(JUNE) B impeached - C dissolve
(SEPT) Forced loan

1627:(FEB) York House + war on France
(OCT) Ile De Re
(NOV) 5 Knights

1628: C’s 3rd P,
(JUNE) Petition of Right
(AUG) B assassinated

1629: Commons protestation, personal rule

Question 2

The York House Conference 1626

Answer 2

Conference held between Puritans and Arminians to heal differences.
Only outcome was that Arminians had support of B

Question 3

When Parliament defines the King - Black Rod incident

Answer 3

2nd March 1629
•Door slammed in rods face
•Speaker was forced down while Holmes shouted:
1. Whoever shall bring innovation of religion shall be an enemy
2. Whoever shall counsel or take subsidies of T and P shall be reputed an innovator
3. If any merchant yield T+P they shall be a betrayer of liberties = Commons protestation

Question 4

The personal rule of Charles I - Timeline

Answer 4

1629: (MAR) Commons protestation led to dissolution
1630: (NOV) ENG makes peace with Spain - Treaty of Madrid
1632: (JAN) Wentworth became Lord Deputy of Ireland
1633: (AUG) Laud appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
1634: (FEB) Prynne imprisoned for writing Histriomastix. (OCT) First Ship Money units
1635: (JUNE) Ship money extended to whole kingdom
1637: (JUNE) Prynne, Bastwick, Burton mutilated and imprisoned. (NOV) Trial of Hampden for refusing to pay Ship Money

Question 5

Hampden Case 1637

Answer 5

Although narrowly lost the case, showed the extent of opposition to the king
•Only 7/12 judges voted against Hampden
Was evidence of an anti-royalist power emerging

Question 6

Archbishop Laud and Church of England to spread absolutism

Answer 6

LAUD: Used Charles’ authority to reinforce the Divine Right of King’s
•Laud encourages clergy to preach sermons supporting Divine nature of royal authority
•Bishops given prominent place in C’s gov
UNIFORMITY: •Strict conformity to Book of Common Prayer
•Priests to wear vestments
•Alters to be placed at east end of chancel, not used as communion tables in nave

Question 7

The role of Stratford: policies in Ireland and England

Answer 7

What does he do in IRE:
•3 ethnic groups existed
•ENG policy was based on ‘divide and rule’
•Kept eyes focused on Catholic threat
METHODS: •Incr revenue to build an army made of Catholics, to create an Irish army for the crown

Question 8

Gov of England under Personal Rule (thorough) - A Blueprint for absolutism?

Answer 8

Prerogative courts
Star Chamber: members of Privy Council. Defendants can be questioned in private + fines and imprisonment

Court of high commission: enforcing religious uniformity. When defendant is guilty —> passed to Star Chamber

THOROUGH:
•A gov that looked closely at action of officials and held them responsible for their mistakes. King wanted existing structures of church and govs to do their job properly.
•Many of Charles’s problems of 20s originated in the inefficiency of a local gov system
•King needed a way of making local officials fear the crown more than disapproval of neighbours
•1st step= Book or Orders (31’) - Instructions for sheriffs and a system for making all officials accountable to higher authority thru written reports

Question 9

Reactions to Personal Rule

Answer 9

1. Prynne and histriomastix (1632)
2. Trial of Prynne, Bastwick, Burton (1637)
3. Hampden case (1637)

Question 10

Scottish prayer book rebellion

Answer 10

Bishops war: (39-40’)
After implementation Of Scottish National Covenant against kings reforms in 38’, Covenanters became political and religious force in SCO
•Kings plans were thwarted by lack of funds + experience
•Eng army was ill equipped and untrained - King agreed truce with pacification of Berwick
1640: C attempted 2nd campaign
•2nd Bishops war concluded at Treaty of London (AUG) - Long P

Question 11

Long parliament (Nov) 1640

Answer 11

In Nov 1640, for 1st year King had almost no supporters
•399/493 MPs considered themselves as ‘country’ MPs, opposed to King’s policies
-1st session of LP focused on curbing King’s powers
•Resulted in MP’s putting radical agenda on C

Question 12

When did civil war become inevitable?

Answer 12

Irish rebellion, OCT 1641

GR, NOV 1641

Execution of Earl of Stratford, May 1641

Attempt of 5 members, JAN 1642

Question 13

Initiatives to restore a good relation with king =

Answer 13

• Bridging appointments
• 10 propositions
• Root + Branch

Question 14

(1640) who was in stronger position? C or P?

Answer 14

C STRENGTHS:
•Support of HoL
•Supremacy in legal system 
•Resources is 3 kingdoms 
•Command of army = censorship of press
C WEAKNESSES: 
•Unable to handle debates + dispute without seeing it as dangerous disloyalty + rebellious 
•Those not in inner circle became alienated due to absence of P

P STRENGTHS:
•Unity of purpose + interconnections, quality of intellect + political support from Londoners (157,000 signed to push reforms)

Question 15

Execution of Stratford

Answer 15

If Stratford survived, he could turn the tables on P’ leaders. He knew Pym, Saye, Sele, Brooke were in communication with Scots during BW
•Stratford accused of Arbitrary gov
BILL OF ATTAINDER: (APR) meant king had to sign it
EFFECTS OF S DEATH:
Unleashed torrent of laws:
•T an P act (22 JUN)
•Abolition of Star chamber + high commission (5 JUL)
•Ship money act (7 AUG)
•Forest Act (7 AUG)
C had to sign cos of London Mob, bishops urged him, and P refused to pay off Scots if he didn’t

Question 16

Outbreak of Irish rebellion

Answer 16

WHY?:
•Catholic noblemen wanted to lead a programme of constitutional reform
•LP has begun to put together a plan to manage IRE from Westminster

Question 17

GR (Nov 1641)

Answer 17

• P to control King’s ministers
• Bishops and catholic peers to be excluded from HoL
• Root and branch reform of Church of England

Question 18

Why does a royalist party emerge 1641?

Answer 18

Recall of LP led to ‘political nation’.
•W/P brought back in 1640 in backdrop of Prayer Book Rebellion + Bishops war - led to radical ideas spreading

MILITIA BILL= (dec 41’) MPs feared C would use army again P rather than in Ireland. Only just passed - showed some support for Charles

Question 19

Long parliament 2nd session - Late 1641 to civil war

Answer 19

1641:AUG=Charles visits Scotland, OCT=Irish Rebellion, NOV=GR, DEC=Militia Bill-mobs controlled London
1642:JAN=Charles attempts to arrest 5 members - more riots in London, Charles I abandons London to the North of England
FEB=King signs act excluding HoL
MARCH=Militia ordinance issued by P

Question 20

Why did Charles attempt to arrest the 5 members?

Answer 20

CAUSES:Lords accepted vote of impeachment against Bishops

By the end of 1641:
•Welcoming crowds greeted him when he returned to London from Scotland (Nov 41’)
•Close nature of recent votes (GR+Milita) revealed support
AFTERMATH:
•London mob surges steer. Next night, rumour of advances with 1500
Cavalrymen and London became fortified
—>Led to Militia ordinance: with king absent from London. This placed command of each country’s armed forces in hands of supporters
—>C issued commission of array

Question 21

What caused the 1st civil war?

Answer 21

Stratford election (May 1641)
Irish rebellion (Oct 1641)
Militia ordinance (March 42’)
5 members attempt (Jan 42’)
Grand remonstrance (Nov 41’)

Question 22

Royalist forces

Answer 22

STRENGTHS:
•Loyalty + Tradition
•Top of military structure was uniformed, no once challenged him, Charles had all the tools of a functional military to deploy
WEAKNESSES:
•More difficult to raise funds, harder to persuade men away from tradition
•Failed to achieve political settlement in early months as king (Oxford)

Question 23

parliamentary forces

Answer 23

STRENGTHS:
•Solemn league and covenant (44’) + 20,000 Scots
WEAKNESSES:
•Divs within Parliament, peace groups
•Religious tensions. Causes by covenant with radical religious pamphlets triggered by collapse of censorship
•Fear of disorder, ordinary soldiers were being promoted

Question 24

Self-Denying Ordinance

April 45’

Answer 24

9th December, Cromwell suggested House of Parliament resign commissions, handing over military command of Parliaments armies to professional soldiers
•Paved a way for NMA

Question 25

Lilburne and the Levellers + Ranters + 5th Monarchists

Answer 25

LEVELLERS=Developed wide ranging programme of political, economic and social reform
King was never going to agree to what they want —> wanted England to be a republic
RANGERS = Generic term for self-proclaimed messiahs, prophets and preachers arose as turmoil of civil wars subsided. All shared sense of disillusionment at betrayal of Leveller’s reforming aims
•Accepted concept that God is in everyone and in every living thing

Question 26

2nd Civil War 48-49’

Answer 26

1648: public anger at failure to reach a settlement boiled over
•After Putney debates, situation between Levellers and Grandees of NMA had been growing worse in regards to reaching a settlement

Question 27

Charles I: ‘That man of blood’

Treaty of Newport

Answer 27

King negotiated with 15 commissioners, who represented lords progress:
•All royalists would be covered by Act of Oblivion, not punished for role in Civil War
•King would not swear Covenant Oath
•P would control army + navy for 20yrs
CHARLES’ response to treaty
•Continued to double-deal
ROLE OF IRETON= created remonstrance of army - reiterated that king could not be trusted + demanded he be brought to justice

Question 28

Trial and execution

Answer 28

Supremacy of RUMP=
•HoL rejected commons ordinance relating to the King’s trial
•Based on premise that people were heart of nation
Preparation for trial= Rump did everything it could to legitimise appearance of proceedings