Type I Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
When is the peak onset of T1D?
Adolescence
Do genetics influence probability of developing T1D?
Yes
What gene is associated with T1D?
Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA)
How does T1D develop?
Beta-cell events trigger an autoimmune response and antibodies to insulin and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). This is then followed by other beta-celll antibodies.
What is insulitis?
Inflammation of the islets of Langerhans which is caused by the infiltration of lymphocytes - leading to the destruction of the cells.
What are the stages to the development of T1D?
1) Insulitis: Initial loss of beta-cell mass.
2) Pre-diabetes: Further loss of beta-cell mass and leads to slightly high levels of glucose - making the patient at risk of developing diabetes.
3) Diabetes: Even more loss of beta-cell mass.
What other autoimmune diseases is T1D associated with?
- Coeliac disease
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypogonadism
- Addison’s disease
- Pernicious anaemia
What are the symptoms of T1D?
- Lethargy
- Polyuria (large volumes of dilute urine)
- Polydipsia (abnormally high thirst)
- Blurred vision
- Weight loss
What is C-peptide?
Connects insulin’s A-chain with its B-chain.
It is made in a 1:1 molar ratio with inulin and needs an adequate stimulus for its secretion.
What kind of hormone is insulin?
Peptide hormone
How is insulin administered?
Parenterally, so not via the mouth (e.g. inhalation)
What are the insulin injection sites?
- Lower abdomen
- Upper outer thighs
- Upper outer arms
- Buttocks
What are some factors that can affect blood glucose levels?
- Diet
- Temperature
- Exercise
- Illness
- Stress
- Alcohol
What are the two types of hypoglycaemic symptoms?
- Autonomic (e.g. palpitations and sweating)
- Neuroglycopaenic (e.g. confusion)
What is HbA1c?
Glycated haemoglobin (meaning the Hb is covalently bonded to glucose).
