Type I Diabetes

Question 1

What is type I diabetes?

Answer 1

Type I diabetes is a metabolic disease resulting from immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets

Question 2

Recall the overview of Type I Diabetes

Answer 2

Question 3

Recall the immunopathogenesis of type I diabetes.

Answer 3

Question 4

Recall the histology of pancreatic islets with and without type I diabetes.

Answer 4

Question 5

Recall the different types of diabetes mellitus.

Answer 5

Question 6

Recall the diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus.

Answer 6

Question 7

Recall the genetic presdisposition of type I diabetes.

Answer 7

Question 8

Recall some environmental factors that may affect incidence of type I diabetes.

Answer 8

Question 9

Describe ketoacidosis.

Answer 9

Question 10

Describe hypoglycaemia.

Answer 10

Question 11

Recall some examples of long-term complications of chronic diabetes.

Answer 11

Question 12

Describe diabetic nephropathy.

Answer 12

Question 13

Recall microvascular complications due to type I diabetes.

Answer 13

Question 14

Type I Diabetes leads to increase risk of _____________________

Answer 14

Question 15

Recall a conceptual model for the natural history and pathogenesis of type I Diabetes.

Answer 15

Question 16

Describe the endocrine system.

Answer 16

Question 17

Recall the location and role of pancreas in the body.

Answer 17

Question 18

Recall how pancreas is an exocrine and endocrine organ.

Answer 18

Functioning as an exocrine gland, the pancreas excretes enzymes through ducts to break down the proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids in food. Functioning as an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar levels throughout the day.

Question 19

Recall the role of the acinar and ductal cells of the pancreas.

Answer 19

Question 20

Acinar cells stimulated to secrete digestive enzymes by ___________________ and _________________.

Answer 20

Acetylcholine and cholecystokinin

Question 21

Recall the cell make-up of the islets of Langerhans and what they secrete.

Answer 21

Question 22

Recall pancreatic and islet abnormalities in type I diabetes.

Answer 22

Question 23

Recall the developmental pathway of pancreatic islet lineage.

Answer 23

Question 24

Describe the structure and function of insulin.

Answer 24

Question 25

Proinsulin is cleaved to form __________ and _________________. Insulin is then stored as a ________________________, which provides longer term stability.

Answer 25

Insulin and C-peptide

hexamer coordinated around zinc ions

Question 26

Recall amplification and inhibitory factors of insulin secretion.

Answer 26

Question 27

Recall the insulin synthesis and secretion pathway.

Question 28

Recall the insulin effect on various target cells.

Answer 28

Question 29

Describe glucagon.

Answer 29

Question 30

Recall the stimulatory and inhibitory factors of glucagon.

Answer 30

Question 31

Recall the glucagon effect on target cells.

Answer 31

Question 32

Recall the interplay between insulin and glucagon to maintain glucose levels.

Answer 32

Question 33

Recall pancreas interplay with brain, liver, gut, adipose, and muscle tissues.

Answer 33

Question 34

How to measure glucose in blood?

Answer 34

Question 35

How to measure insulin and C-peptide?

Answer 35

Question 36

Recall levels of glucose/hormones in healthy and type I diabetes patients.

Answer 36

Question 37

Recall how diabetic ketoacidosis still could arise even with insulin therapy.

Answer 37

Question 38

Recall the different hallmarks of type I and II diabetes.

Answer 38