Type I Diabetes Flashcards
What is type I diabetes?
Type I diabetes is a metabolic disease resulting from immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets
Recall the overview of Type I Diabetes
Recall the immunopathogenesis of type I diabetes.
Recall the histology of pancreatic islets with and without type I diabetes.
Recall the different types of diabetes mellitus.
Recall the diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus.
Recall the genetic presdisposition of type I diabetes.
Recall some environmental factors that may affect incidence of type I diabetes.
Describe ketoacidosis.
Describe hypoglycaemia.
Recall some examples of long-term complications of chronic diabetes.
Describe diabetic nephropathy.
Recall microvascular complications due to type I diabetes.
Type I Diabetes leads to increase risk of _____________________
Recall a conceptual model for the natural history and pathogenesis of type I Diabetes.
Describe the endocrine system.
Recall the location and role of pancreas in the body.
Recall how pancreas is an exocrine and endocrine organ.
Functioning as an exocrine gland, the pancreas excretes enzymes through ducts to break down the proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids in food. Functioning as an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar levels throughout the day.
Recall the role of the acinar and ductal cells of the pancreas.
Acinar cells stimulated to secrete digestive enzymes by ___________________ and _________________.
Acetylcholine and cholecystokinin
Recall the cell make-up of the islets of Langerhans and what they secrete.
Recall pancreatic and islet abnormalities in type I diabetes.
Recall the developmental pathway of pancreatic islet lineage.
Describe the structure and function of insulin.
Proinsulin is cleaved to form __________ and _________________. Insulin is then stored as a ________________________, which provides longer term stability.
Insulin and C-peptide
hexamer coordinated around zinc ions
Recall amplification and inhibitory factors of insulin secretion.
Recall the insulin synthesis and secretion pathway.
Recall the insulin effect on various target cells.
Describe glucagon.
Recall the stimulatory and inhibitory factors of glucagon.
Recall the glucagon effect on target cells.
Recall the interplay between insulin and glucagon to maintain glucose levels.
Recall pancreas interplay with brain, liver, gut, adipose, and muscle tissues.
How to measure glucose in blood?
How to measure insulin and C-peptide?
Recall levels of glucose/hormones in healthy and type I diabetes patients.
Recall how diabetic ketoacidosis still could arise even with insulin therapy.
Recall the different hallmarks of type I and II diabetes.