Treatment, Research, and Prevention of Type I Diabetes Flashcards
Recall the stages of T1D.
Recall the risk stratification by T1D family history and HLA genotype
____________________ have a realtively samll contribution to genetic risk of T1D.
Recall the development of islet autoantibodies for T1D.
Which proteins are specific for T1D autoantibodies?
Recall T1D risk prediction by combining autoantibodies & HLA genotype
Why do we need more biomarkers for disease risk?
- To prevent type 1 diabetes, need to be able to predict which individuals will develop the disease before Stage 1
- <30% of individuals who have a single islet autoantibody progress to clinical disease.
- Need to identify additional “biomarkers” that will increase the accuracy of predicting who will develop type 1 diabetes (and when clinical symptoms may begin).
Recall other potential biomarkers for type 1 diabetes
- Past or ongoing research using samples from at-risk or recently diagnosed individuals:
- Transcript analysis of whole blood samples or peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- Responses in a standardized reporter cell line exposed to serum
- Metabolomic analysis of serum
- New ‘biomarkers’ from these studies have yet to be definitively identified and replicated in independent patient cohorts.
“More than any other common autoimmune disease, childhood and early adult T1D is now partially predictable in genetically susceptible individuals by careful use and analysis of ______ and ____________ biomarkers.”
“More than any other common autoimmune disease, childhood and early adult T1D is now partially predictable in genetically susceptible individuals by careful use and analysis of genetic and immunological biomarkers.”
Recall heterogeneity in the clinical course of type 1 diabetes.
Recall the various clinical presentations of T1D.
Recall methods in diagnosing T1D.
Recall the only current treatment for T1D.
Recall the different types of insulin.
How to measure how well the patient is controlling their glucose levels?
Recall the limitations of studying T1D in humans.
Recall natural history of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice.
Recall the beta chain position 57 for Human and Mouse MHC II molecules.
Recall the effect of the change of amino acid in position 57 of the MHC II molecule.
Recall the role of temperature in incidence of T1D.
Recall the role of microbial pathogens in the incidence of T1D.
Recall how gut microbiota can affect development of T1D
_________________ can be detected in peripheral blood & precede T1D in NOD mice
Insulin autoantibodies can be detected in peripheral blood & precede T1D in NOD mice
NOD mice exhibit more extensive ___________ than human with type 1 diabetes
NOD mice exhibit more extensive insulitis than human with type 1 diabetes
Recall how autoreactive CD8+ T cells recognize and kill beta cells in NOD mice
Recall the effect of the loss of performing genes on NOD mice.
Recall immunological abnormalities in NOD mice and its contribution to T1D pathogenesis.
Recall the effect of depleting immune cells in NOD mice and its effect of T1D.
Differ between T1D in NOD mice and humans.
Recall the natural history for the development of type 1 diabetes in Sally
Recall the disadvantages of current forms of insulin treatment.
Recall the pro and cons of intensive insulin treatment.
Recall limitations of artificial pancreas
Recall the ultimate goal for T1D cure.
Describe cell therapy for T1D.
Recall Pancreatic islet isolation and transplantation procedure
Describe the induction and maintenance of immunosuppression in islet allotransplantation.
Recall the pros and cons of pancreatic islet transplantation.
Recall Future sources of islets & beta cells for transplantation
Recall the reasoning behind using the pig as a source of islet and beta cells.
Recall methods in preventing rejection of pig organs.
Recall other sources of beta cells.
Recall the limitations and safety of Stem cell-derived insulin-producing cells.
How to protect beta cells from immune responses or recipient from transplanted cells?
Recall encapsulation requirements.
Recall the major considerations for beta cell replacement as a cure for T1D
Recall the following diagram of T1D prevention and treatment.
Recall the Requirements for immune-based therapy for T1D.
Describe the mechanism of the Teplizumab response.
