Type I diabetes Flashcards
Receptor impaired in type 1 diabetes
GLUT4
main cause of type 1 diabetes
decreased insulin production.
what kind of a disease is T1D
an autoimmune disease.
The immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them.
course of T1D
exposure to toxin/virus in individuals with a genetic predisposition -> slow beta cell destruction -> clinical disease.
in the absence of insulin
liver and muscle cells are unable to take up glucose
the risk of developing type 1 diabetes compared to other severe chronic diseases of childhood is
increased
genetic risk for T1D is increased in
mothers younger than 25 fathers with T1D a parent developed T1D before age 11 (highest risk) both parents have T1D (1 in 4 risk) siblings with T1D
Three categories of genes known to affect T1D
immune function (HLA) highest risk Insulin expression (VNTR in insulin gene) Beta cell function (lowest risk)
HLA genes
subset of genes in the MHC region that encode cell surface antigen presenting proteins.
decreased risk of T1D occurs when the dq beta chain of the HLA protein has
aspartic acid as amino acid 57
INS gene
encodes the pre-insulin peptide.
Variation occurs in repeats located 0.5 kb 5’to the INS gene.
• About _non-HLA genes have been identified that are involved in type 1 diabetes
• About 60 non-HLA genes have been identified that are involved in type 1 diabetes
• Certain number of VNTRs are more susceptible or protected
o Short (26 to 63 repeats): predisposed o Long (140 to 210 repeats): protected
• Environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes,
gluten
bacteria
obesity
• Treatment?
• Treatment? Take insulin daily