Type I diabetes Flashcards

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1
Q

Receptor impaired in type 1 diabetes

A

GLUT4

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2
Q

main cause of type 1 diabetes

A

decreased insulin production.

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3
Q

what kind of a disease is T1D

A

an autoimmune disease.

The immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them.

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4
Q

course of T1D

A

exposure to toxin/virus in individuals with a genetic predisposition -> slow beta cell destruction -> clinical disease.

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5
Q

in the absence of insulin

A

liver and muscle cells are unable to take up glucose

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6
Q

the risk of developing type 1 diabetes compared to other severe chronic diseases of childhood is

A

increased

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7
Q

genetic risk for T1D is increased in

A
mothers younger than 25
fathers with T1D
a parent developed T1D before age 11 (highest risk)
both parents have T1D (1 in 4 risk)
siblings with T1D
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8
Q

Three categories of genes known to affect T1D

A
immune function (HLA) highest risk
Insulin expression (VNTR in insulin gene)
Beta cell function (lowest risk)
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9
Q

HLA genes

A

subset of genes in the MHC region that encode cell surface antigen presenting proteins.

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10
Q

decreased risk of T1D occurs when the dq beta chain of the HLA protein has

A

aspartic acid as amino acid 57

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11
Q

INS gene

A

encodes the pre-insulin peptide.

Variation occurs in repeats located 0.5 kb 5’to the INS gene.

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12
Q

• About _non-HLA genes have been identified that are involved in type 1 diabetes

A

• About 60 non-HLA genes have been identified that are involved in type 1 diabetes

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13
Q

• Certain number of VNTRs are more susceptible or protected

A
o	Short (26 to 63 repeats): predisposed
o	Long (140 to 210 repeats): protected
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14
Q

• Environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes,

A

gluten
bacteria
obesity

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15
Q

• Treatment?

A

• Treatment? Take insulin daily

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