Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
Which of the following are diagnostic of T2DM based on a random glucose measurement?
1 - Glucose >11.1 mmol/l with Symptoms
2 - Glucose = > 11.1 mmol/l on 2 occasions
3 - HbA1c = > 48 mmol/mol ( 6.5% )
4 - all of the above
4 - all of the above
2 - glucose equal to or >11 mmol/L in 2 separate samples
Hypoglycaemia is <4mmol/L
An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (75grams of glucose) can be used to assess if a patient has or is at risk of T2DM. Match cut off values for the following if the patient is fasted:
- without diabetes
- impaired glucose tolerance
- diabetic
- > 7.0 mmol/L
- < 6.0 mmol/L
- 6.0-7.0 mmol/L
- without diabetes = < 6.0 mmol/L
- impaired glucose tolerance = 6.0-7.0 mmol/L
- diabetic = >7.0 mmol/L
Hypoglycaemia is <4mmol/L
An oral glucose tolarence test (OGTT) can be used to assess if a patient has or is at risk of T2DM. Match cut off values for the following after an OGTT:
- without diabetes
- impaired glucose tolerance
- diabetic
- 7.9-11.0 mmol/L
< 7.8 mmol/L - > 11.0 mmol/L
- without diabetes = < 7.8 mmol/L
- impaired glucose tolerance = 7.9-11.0 mmol/L
- diabetic = > 11.0 mmol/L
Hypoglycaemia is <4mmol/L
In patients with T2DM which of the following are pathophysiological aspects we need to be aware of that occur in the pancreas?
1 - increased beta cell apoptosis
2 - reduced beta cell mass
3 - reduced insulin secretion
4 - hyperglucagonemia (excess glucagon secretion as low insulin to inhibits its release)
5 - all of the above
5 - all of the above
In patients with T2DM what is the main pathophysiological aspect we need to be aware of in the GIT?
- impaired incretin effect
- incretin is a factor released by the gut in response to nutrients that facilitates the uptake of glucose by peripheral tissues by stimulating secretion of insulin
In patients with T2DM what are the 2 main pathophysiological aspect we need to be aware of in the liver?
1 - insulin resistance
2 - increased hepatic glucose secretion (gluconeogenesis)
2 - increased hepatic glucose secretion (gluconeogenesis)
In patients with T2DM what is the main pathophysiological aspect we need to be aware of in the muscles?
- insulin resistance
In patients with T2DM what are the 2 main pathophysiological aspect we need to be aware of in adipose tissue?
1 - increased circulating fatty acids
2 - hyperlipidaemia
Being over what age increases the risk of T2DM?
1 - 16 y/o
2 - 25 y/o
3 - 45 y/o
4 - 65 y/o
3 - 45 years old
- increases risk 6 fold
Other than age which of the following are non-modifiable risk factors for developing T2DM?
1 - genetics
2 - ethnicity (south Asia/African Caribbean)
3 - family history
4 - all of the above
4 - all of the above
What modifiable risk factors for developing T2DM?
1 - obesity
2 - hyperlipidaemia
3 - hypertension
4 - all of the above
4 - all of the above
Which of the following medications may increase the risk of developing T2DM?
1 - glucocorticoids
2 - beta blockers
3 - statins
4 - all of the above
4 - all of the above
- glucocorticoids = cortisol increases blood glucose through gluconeogenesis
- beta blockers = inhibit secretion of insulin
- statins
What are the 3 stages of T2DM development?
1 - normal glucose tolerance
2 - pre-diabetes also known as Impaired glucose tolerance
3 - T2DM
What tissue in the body has been linked with releasing something that has been show to increase insulin resistance in skeletal muscle?
1 - adipocytes
2 - neuronal cells
3 - hepatocytes
4 - renal cells
1 - adipocytes
- adipose tissue
- through the release of free fatty acids
In addition to releasing free fatty acids, adipose tissue has been show to trigger the release of other molecules which have been show to increase insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. What are these molecules?
1 - neutrophils
2 - thyroglobulin
3 - adipokines
4 - lymphocytes
3 - adipokines (class of cytokines)
- these tigger inflammation at the muscle level
Adipose tissue is able to release free fatty acids and induce inflammation as adipokines (a class of cytokines), which have been shown to increase insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. This then causes an impairment in the function of something in the mitochondria, what is this?
1 - lipolysis
2 - gluconeogenesis
3 - beta oxidation
4 - glycolysis
3 - beta oxidation
- fatty acid breakdown to produce energy is reduced
In addition to adipokines causing inflammation, and a reduction in beta oxidation due to fatty acid build up, there are factors that can trigger which ultimately cause defects in translation pathways and reduced protein quality from the skeletal muscle cells. Which of the following are associated factors?
1 - impaired protein synthesis and quality
2 - lipotoxicity (due to lipid derivate accumulation)
3 - insulin resistance
4 - all of the above
4 - all of the above
What is ectopic fat?
- excess adipose tissue in locations not classically associated with adipose tissue storage
Ectopic fat is excess adipose tissue in locations not classically associated with adipose tissue storage. Why is determining the amount of ectopic fat, which can come in the form of visceral or subcutaneous, a patient has important in a patient with or suspected of having T2DM?
1 - increases risk of T1DM
2 - increases risk of renal failure
3 - increases risk of NAFLD
4 - increases risk of T2DM
4 - increases risk of T2DM
- increased adipose tissue is a risk factor for developing T2DM
- due to fatty acids, beta oxidation and inflammation all increasing insulin resistance
Increased levels of ectopic fat (excess adipose tissue in locations not classically associated with adipose tissue storage, which can come in the form of visceral or subcutaneous) causes increased circulating levels of fatty acids. Which of the following can circulating fatty acids then go on to cause in T2DM patients?
1 - adipocyte hypertrophy
2 - reduction in adipogenic genes (adipocyte proliferation)
3 - reduced lipogenic genes (lipolysis, inability to store fat)
4 - increase inflammation
5 - all of the above
5 - all of the above
Increased levels of ectopic fat (excess adipose tissue in locations not classically associated with adipose tissue storage, which can come in the form of visceral or subcutaneous) causes increased circulating levels of fatty acids. This has been shown to reduce in adipogenic and lipogenic genes. Why is a reduction in adipogenic genes a bad thing in T2DM?
- adipogenic genes ensure sequestration of lipids into adipocytes
- adipogenic genes are also important to ensure hyperplasia rather than hypertrophy
- without effective adipogenicity excess lipids can result in ectopic fat and lipotoxicity, inflammation and insulin resistance