Diabetic Neuropathy Flashcards
When there is hyperglycaemia the sugar in the blood is able to bind with other molecules in the blood, with no enzymatic activity. What is this process called?
1 - enzymatic glycation
2 - non-enzymatic glycation
3 - glycoselation
4 - glucosurinaemia
2 - non-enzymatic glycation
When there is hyperglycaemia the sugar in the blood is able to bind with other molecules in the blood, with no enzymatic activity called non-enzymatic glycation. What 2 molecules does sugar typically bind with?
1 - carbohydrates and lipids
2 - lipids and albumin
3 - proteins and lipids
4 - proteins and carbohydrates
3 - proteins and lipids
When there is hyperglycaemia the sugar in the blood is able to bind with other molecules in the blood, with no enzymatic activity called non-enzymatic glycation, binding with lipids and proteins. Why is this important?
1 - non-enzymatic glycation molecules are very pro-inflammatory
2 - non-enzymatic glycation increases LDL and atherosclerosis
3 - hyaline atherosclerosis causing stiff blood vessels
4 - a thickening of the basement membrane in blood vessels
5 - all of the above
5 - all of the above
- leads to damage to schwann cells
When there is hyperglycaemia the sugar in the blood is able to bind with other molecules in the blood, with no enzymatic activity called non-enzymatic glycation, binding with lipids and proteins creating very pro-inflammatory molecules. This can then lead to:
- non-enzymatic glycation molecules are very pro-inflammatory
- non-enzymatic glycation increases LDL and atherosclerosis
- hyaline atherosclerosis causing stiff blood vessels
- a thickening of the basement membrane in blood vessels
At a blood vessel and membrane basis what 2 effects can the 2 above disease processes then cause?
1 - decreased blood flow
2 - increased blood flow
3 - decreased gas exchange due to basement membrane thickening
4 - leaky basemement membrane
1 - decreased blood flow
3 - decreased gas exchange due to basement membrane thickening
Pericytes are specialist cells that are embedded in the basement membrane of blood capillaries. They wrap around endothelial cells of capillaries and have a close relationship between endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons and are crucial for normal blood vessel function. Which of the following is NOT a function of pericytes?
1 - regulate blood vessel formation (angiogenesis)
2 - regulate blood flow
3 - regulates immune cells flow
4 - regulates blood glucose
4 - regulates blood glucose
Diabetic neuropathy is a common condition in both type 1 and 2 diabetes. What % of patients with diabetes is this estimated to affect?
1 - 6-7%
2 - 16-27%
3 - 30-50%
4 - 60-70%
4 - 60-70%
Diabetic neuropathy is the MOST common cause of neuropathy in the world
Diabetic neuropathy is damage to nerves caused by diabetes. Is this more common in T1DM and T2DM patients?
- T1DM = 34%
- T2DM = 26%
Diabetic neuropathy is a common condition in both type 1 and 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes diabetic neuropathy can occur at any time. However, from the point of diagnosis, how long before type 1 diabetics are affected?
1 - immediately
2 - 1 year
3 - 5 years
4 - 10 years
4 - 10 years
BUT 50% of patients are asymptomatic
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for diabetic neuropathy?
1 - smoking
2 - gender
3 - Age >40 years.
4 - poor glycaemic control.
5 - disease duration
6 - hypertension.
7 - coronary heart disease.
2 - gender
All others are typical risk factors for CVD
What is diabetic neuropathy is damage to nerve fibres. Are myelinated and non-myelinated both affected?
- yes
Excessive levels of glucose in the body mean that in some tissues this can be converted into sorbitol. Sorbitol has been shown to slow the nerve conduction. How does this occur?
1 - reduces number of schwann cells
2 - increases Na+/K+ ATPase activity
3 - forms thrombosis in nerves
4 - reduces Na+/K+ ATPase activity
4 - reduces Na+/K+ ATPase activity
- less Na+ released at nodes of ranvier meaning less depolarisation
In diabetic neuropathy, which 2 of the following are commonly reduced, which can lead to increased susceptibility to clot?
1 - vitamin K
2 - thrombomodulin
3 - plasminogen
4 - protein A
2 - thrombomodulin
3 - plasminogen
- both are involved in reducing blood clots
There are also morphological abnormalities and vasa nervorum (blood supply to nerves)
Diabetic neuropathy can affect both sensory and motor function. Which is typically affected the most?
- sensory
In diabetic neuropathy are the peripheries or distal tissues affected the most?
- peripheries
Poorer blood supply
There are different patterns of nerve injury in diabetic neuropathy. Which of the following is the most common presentation?
1 - radiculoplexopathy and radiculopathy
2 - mononeuropathy and mononeuritis multiplex
3 - autonomic neuropathy
4 - treatment-induced neuropathy
1 - radiculoplexopathy and radiculopathy
Also called distal symmetrical polyneuropathy ‘glove and stockings’
- loss of nerve stimulation where gloves and stockings would be worn