Diabetic Neuropathy Flashcards

1
Q

When there is hyperglycaemia the sugar in the blood is able to bind with other molecules in the blood, with no enzymatic activity. What is this process called?

1 - enzymatic glycation
2 - non-enzymatic glycation
3 - glycoselation
4 - glucosurinaemia

A

2 - non-enzymatic glycation

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2
Q

When there is hyperglycaemia the sugar in the blood is able to bind with other molecules in the blood, with no enzymatic activity called non-enzymatic glycation. What 2 molecules does sugar typically bind with?

1 - carbohydrates and lipids
2 - lipids and albumin
3 - proteins and lipids
4 - proteins and carbohydrates

A

3 - proteins and lipids

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3
Q

When there is hyperglycaemia the sugar in the blood is able to bind with other molecules in the blood, with no enzymatic activity called non-enzymatic glycation, binding with lipids and proteins. Why is this important?

1 - non-enzymatic glycation molecules are very pro-inflammatory
2 - non-enzymatic glycation increases LDL and atherosclerosis
3 - hyaline atherosclerosis causing stiff blood vessels
4 - a thickening of the basement membrane in blood vessels
5 - all of the above

A

5 - all of the above

  • leads to damage to schwann cells
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4
Q

When there is hyperglycaemia the sugar in the blood is able to bind with other molecules in the blood, with no enzymatic activity called non-enzymatic glycation, binding with lipids and proteins creating very pro-inflammatory molecules. This can then lead to:

  • non-enzymatic glycation molecules are very pro-inflammatory
  • non-enzymatic glycation increases LDL and atherosclerosis
  • hyaline atherosclerosis causing stiff blood vessels
  • a thickening of the basement membrane in blood vessels

At a blood vessel and membrane basis what 2 effects can the 2 above disease processes then cause?

1 - decreased blood flow
2 - increased blood flow
3 - decreased gas exchange due to basement membrane thickening
4 - leaky basemement membrane

A

1 - decreased blood flow

3 - decreased gas exchange due to basement membrane thickening

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5
Q

Pericytes are specialist cells that are embedded in the basement membrane of blood capillaries. They wrap around endothelial cells of capillaries and have a close relationship between endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons and are crucial for normal blood vessel function. Which of the following is NOT a function of pericytes?

1 - regulate blood vessel formation (angiogenesis)
2 - regulate blood flow
3 - regulates immune cells flow
4 - regulates blood glucose

A

4 - regulates blood glucose

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6
Q

Diabetic neuropathy is a common condition in both type 1 and 2 diabetes. What % of patients with diabetes is this estimated to affect?

1 - 6-7%
2 - 16-27%
3 - 30-50%
4 - 60-70%

A

4 - 60-70%

Diabetic neuropathy is the MOST common cause of neuropathy in the world

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7
Q

Diabetic neuropathy is damage to nerves caused by diabetes. Is this more common in T1DM and T2DM patients?

A
  • T1DM = 34%
  • T2DM = 26%
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8
Q

Diabetic neuropathy is a common condition in both type 1 and 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes diabetic neuropathy can occur at any time. However, from the point of diagnosis, how long before type 1 diabetics are affected?

1 - immediately
2 - 1 year
3 - 5 years
4 - 10 years

A

4 - 10 years

BUT 50% of patients are asymptomatic

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9
Q

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for diabetic neuropathy?

1 - smoking
2 - gender
3 - Age >40 years.
4 - poor glycaemic control.
5 - disease duration
6 - hypertension.
7 - coronary heart disease.

A

2 - gender

All others are typical risk factors for CVD

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10
Q

What is diabetic neuropathy is damage to nerve fibres. Are myelinated and non-myelinated both affected?

A
  • yes
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11
Q

Excessive levels of glucose in the body mean that in some tissues this can be converted into sorbitol. Sorbitol has been shown to slow the nerve conduction. How does this occur?

1 - reduces number of schwann cells
2 - increases Na+/K+ ATPase activity
3 - forms thrombosis in nerves
4 - reduces Na+/K+ ATPase activity

A

4 - reduces Na+/K+ ATPase activity

  • less Na+ released at nodes of ranvier meaning less depolarisation
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12
Q

In diabetic neuropathy, which 2 of the following are commonly reduced, which can lead to increased susceptibility to clot?

1 - vitamin K
2 - thrombomodulin
3 - plasminogen
4 - protein A

A

2 - thrombomodulin
3 - plasminogen

  • both are involved in reducing blood clots

There are also morphological abnormalities and vasa nervorum (blood supply to nerves)

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13
Q

Diabetic neuropathy can affect both sensory and motor function. Which is typically affected the most?

A
  • sensory
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14
Q

In diabetic neuropathy are the peripheries or distal tissues affected the most?

A
  • peripheries

Poorer blood supply

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15
Q

There are different patterns of nerve injury in diabetic neuropathy. Which of the following is the most common presentation?

1 - radiculoplexopathy and radiculopathy
2 - mononeuropathy and mononeuritis multiplex
3 - autonomic neuropathy
4 - treatment-induced neuropathy

A

1 - radiculoplexopathy and radiculopathy

Also called distal symmetrical polyneuropathy ‘glove and stockings’

  • loss of nerve stimulation where gloves and stockings would be worn
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16
Q

Radiculoplexopathy and radiculopathy, also called distal symmetrical polyneuropathy ‘glove and stockings’ is the most common form of diabetic neuropathy. Which of the following sensations can be lost?

1 - pinprick
2 - temperature
3 - vibration
4 - proprioception
5 - reflexes
6 - all of the above

A

6 - all of the above

Increases the risk of foot ulcers and charcot foot. Patient’s advised to avoid weight bearing with a cast and treated with bisphosphonates

17
Q

Reflexes can be lost in diabetic neuropathy, is the ankle of knee reflex lost 1st?

A
  • ankle

Knee reflex occurs later

18
Q

In addition to loss of motor and sensory function, patients can experience polyradiculopathy in diabetic neuropathy, which is damage to multiple nerve roots causing severe pain at the foot. Is this constant or intermittent?

A
  • intermittent

Typically self limiting and resolves over 6-12 months

Caused by glucose inflammation of nerve roots

19
Q

In addition to loss of motor and sensory function, patients can experience polyradiculopathy in diabetic neuropathy, which is damage to multiple nerve roots causing severe pain at the foot. Is this pain worse during the day or the night?

A
  • night
20
Q

There are different patterns of nerve injury in diabetic neuropathy. What is mononeuropathy?

A
  • damage to a single nerve

Carpal tunnel syndrome is an example of this

21
Q

What is autonomic neuropathy?

A
  • nerves controlling involuntary bodily functions are damaged
22
Q

Autonomic neuropathy is where nerves controlling involuntary bodily functions are damaged. How can autonomic neuropathy present?

1 - cardiovascular – resting tachycardia, postural hypotension
2 - gastrointestinal – delayed gastric emptying, diarrhoea, constipation
3 - genitourinary – bladder dysfunction
4 - hypoglycaemia unawareness
5 - hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating)
6 - all of the above

A

6 - all of the above

Has a high mortality rate (50% within three years) mainly due to chronic kidney disease

23
Q

Although diabetic neuropathy is common in diabetes patients, there are also other differentials that may cause the same symptoms in diabetes. Which of the following is the least likely differential for diabetic neuropathy?

1 - B12 deficiency (important for myelin production)
2 - hypothyroidism (increased fluid retention that compresses nerves)
3 - inflammatory conditions
4 - lupus

A

4 - lupus

B12 deficiency = important for myelin production

Hypothyroidism = increased fluid retention that compresses nerves

24
Q

From the age of 12, all patients with diabetes will have an annual review. Which of the following should be reviewed during the annual review?

1 - HbA1c test
2 - BP blood and cholesterol
3 - renal function
4 - weight and BMI
5 - eye check
6 - foot check
7 - all of the above

A

7 - all of the above

Education is essential alongside early detection of poor health

25
Q

Pain associated with diabetic neuropathy can be treated using analgesics. Which of the following is NOT a 1st line medication?

1 - tramadol
2 - amitriptyline
3 - duloxetine
4 - gabapentin
5 - pregabalin

A

1 - tramadol

Duloxetine = SNRIs anti-depressant
Amitriptyline = Tricyclic antidepressants
Gabapentin = epilepsy medication

26
Q

The following are a 1st line medications used to treat pain associated with diabetic neuropathy. Which of the following is contraindicated in patients with

1 - amitriptyline
2 - duloxetine
3 - gabapentin
4 - pregabalin

A

1 - amitriptyline

Decreases bladder detrusor muscle contraction

27
Q

The following are a 1st line medications used to treat pain associated with diabetic neuropathy:

  • amitriptyline
  • duloxetine
  • gabapentin
  • pregabalin

Which 2 of the following are a second line drug if the above drugs are ineffective?

1 - tramadol
2 - topical capsaicin
3 - haloperidol
4 - prochlorperazine

A

1 - tramadol
2 - topical capsaicin

If medications fail, can refer to the pain clinic