type 2 diabetes

Question 1

what is type 2 diabetes and its prevalence?

Answer 1

when people become insulin resistant from lifestyle factors

90% of diabetics have this type

Question 2

when is type 2 diabetes likely to develop?

Answer 2

gradual development in adults over 40

Question 3

what should hbA1c levels be for type 1 diabetes ?

Answer 3

≥48 mmol/mol

Question 4

what are symptoms of T2D?

Answer 4

weight loss
excessive thirst
unceasing hunger
headaches
dry mouth

Question 5

what does the c-peptide test show ?

Answer 5

c -peptide and glucose levels have directly proportional relationship

high c-peptide = high glucose = T2D

Question 6

what did wang et al find about glucose test in newly diagnosed T2D?

Answer 6

in glucose oral tests pps likely have higher levels of glucose over time due to extreme insulin resistance in attempt to reduce blood glucose

Question 7

what’s the difference between hbA1c tests in T1D and T2D?

Answer 7

T1D have fluctuating levels
T2D have high levels

Question 8

how many adults with T2D meet exercise guidelines ?

who found this ?

Answer 8

less than 40% meet guidelines

morrato et al 2007

Question 9

who suggested barrier to exercise in T2Ds ?

Answer 9

korkiageas et al 2009

Question 10

what are possible barriers to exercise for T2D?

Answer 10

internal: no motivation, no time , comorbidities , lazy, fear

external: lack of social support, lack of facilities, cultural barriers

Question 11

what is an acute response to bout of exercise ?

Answer 11

greater cardio respiratory function

increased glucose release from liver

increased triacyglycerol breakdown in adipose tissue

high intensity (75%) aerobic uses muscle glycogen as main source energy

Question 12

what is chronic response to exercise?

Answer 12

increased basal insulin sensitivity (glucose regulated more efficiently)

increased protein expression of GLUT4(increased uptake of glucose into muscles + adipose tissues, decreasing blood glucose levels)

Question 13

what did schellenberg et al 2013 say about exercise?

Answer 13

those who meet 150 mins of moderate PA have 26% lower risk developing T2D

Question 14

what did umpierre at al 2013 find about exercise ?
(frequency)

Answer 14

doing 3 aerobic sessions a week had significant decrease in hbA1c over 6 months

Question 15

what did Houmard et al 2004 find about exercise ?
(frequency/duration)

Answer 15

170 mins of exercise regardless of intensity a week improved insulin sensitivity over 6 months

fasting glucose decreased compared to baseline too

Question 16

what did liubaoerjijn et al 2016 find about intensity of exercise ?

Answer 16

correlations between exercise intensity and hbA1c

higher intensity elicits greater reduction in hbA1c

improvements still seen in lower intensity

Question 17

who saw that aerobic, resistance and combination are all beneficial in reducing hbA1c ?

Answer 17

umpire et al 2011

just as good as prescribing drugs to lower hbA1c

Question 18

who found the differences between blood glucose and timing of exercise and what did they find ?

Answer 18

savikj et al 2019

afternoon HIIT decreased blood glucose

morning HIIT increases blood glucose

Question 19

what happens to those who sit less compared to those who sit down a lot?

Answer 19

sitting less reduces insulin resistance and decreases hyperglycaemia

Question 20

what safety issues should be looked out for before those with T2D before exercising?

Answer 20

ensure no foot ulcers

still able to exercise with chronic kidney disease

can still exercise with normal/diabetic retinopathy

those hypertension need to start with low intensity exercise