Type 1 & 2 diabetes Flashcards
Type I diabetes
- genetic disease
- juvenile-onset (get it as a kid usually)
- insulin dependant
Who discovered insulin?
UfT in 1922 (a treatment)
Fredrick Banting
- a surgeon who thought of a dog model of diabetes by removing the pancreas and then trying to figure out what it was about the pancreas that was keeping the dog alive
- extracted pancreas from pigs and cows as well and then extracted fluid substances from them to chemically isolate insulin. then injected it into the dog with diabetes (cured)
- did 10 more times however all the dogs died
- isolating the insulin from the pancreas over boils the hormone instead it should be extracted with ethanol for it to be effective
When was insulin used in humans?
1921- isolated the hormone
1922- used on the first human
Leonard Thompson
- 14-year-old with Type I diabetes on the brink of death
- weighed 65lbs and despite a starvation diet of 450 calories a day
- Jan 1922 was injected with the experimental treatment called “isletin” (later insulin)
Why is it not called juvenile diabetes anymore?
- as you can be diagnosed at any age
- diagnosis peaks between 15-17 yrs old
- genetic disease with 50% chance of diagnosis
Pathogenesis of type I diabetes
the basic pathophysiology is the autoimmune destruction of beta cells (insulin-producing cells in the pancreas) and a loss in beta cell mass
3 factors of type I diabetes
- genetic susceptibility
- autoimmune factors
- certain environmental factors
Mechanism of this disease?
something triggers our immune system to attacks the beta cells of the pancreas that produce insulin
How does insulin work?
- insulin binds to a receptor on the insulin-responsive cells (muscles, fat, liver)
- it activates a transporter protein called GLUT-4 that allows glucose to get into the cell
Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
- in type 1 diabetes there is no insulin in the bloodstream
- in type 2 diabetes there is insulin in the bloodstream however the cells do not respond to it (insulin resistant)
Can type 1 diabetes be cured?
islet transplant or stem cell transplant (not enough donors and must continue to use antirejection drugs)
Gestational diabetes
temporary diabetes that occurs in pregnant women
Type II diabetes
- can be developed in youth
- mostly non-insulin dependent but some need to go on it
Risk factors for type II diabetes
- previously had prediabetes (type I)
- overweight
- 45 or older
- family member with type II diabetes
- physically active less than 3 times a week
- had gestational diabetes or given birth to a baby who weighed over 9lbs
