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History of East Asia > Two Wars and a New Republic 1894-1912 > Flashcards

Two Wars and a New Republic 1894-1912 Flashcards

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1
Q

In this new global order, how do the three East Asian nations interact with each other?

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2
Q

19th Century Developments in Japan and China

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Japan’s path: Widespread adoption of modern/Western ideas, practices, technology; combined with establishment of modern state in Meiji era after 1868

China’s path: Limited adoption of modern/Western ideas, practices, technology; with the aim to revive Qing dynasty

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3
Q

Late 19th/Early 20th Century Developments

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Meiji Japan: Increasingly establishes itself as imperial power equal to western imperial nations

Qing China: Slowly being ripped apart by imperialist powers

Joseon Korea: Struggle for sovereignty is doomed to fail. Central power succumbs first to China-Japan rivalry, then Russia-Japan rivalry, and then Japanese colonialism

Russia: Far Eastern expansionism leads to encroachment in Manchuria and increased influence in Korea

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4
Q

China late 19th Century: Can Qing Dynasty survive?

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5
Q

Tongzhi Restoration 1862-1874

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  • Attempt at response to foreign and domestic challenges
  • Response not entirely unsuccessful
  • Goal: stop dynastic decline of the Qing
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6
Q

Self-Strengthening Movement 1861-1895

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7
Q

Important figures in the late Qing dynasty

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  • “Empress Dowager” Cixi 1835-1908
  • Guangxu Emperor 1871-1908
  • Puyi 1906-1967
  • Li Hongzhang 1823-1901
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8
Q

Li Hongzhang 1823-1901

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  • Most important politician in late Qing
  • Associated with Self-Strengthening Movement
  • Concerned about China’s challenges in new world order
  • Came to prominence during Taiping Rebellion
  • Encourages western learning and international contacts
  • In charge of foreign policy 1860s-1890s
  • Military modernisation
  • Conflict with conservatives and decentralised bureaucracy
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9
Q

Self-Strengthening Movement 1861-1895

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  • Probably prolonged Qing Dynasty for decades after humiliation of Opium Wars and Taiping Rebellion, but…
  • Despite power of Li Hongzhang, conservatives at court remained opposed to reform
  • Disorganized reform: for example only armies controlled by Li Hongzhang modernised
  • “Empress Dowager” Cixi main obstruction
  • “Self-strengtheners” had little interest in social reform
  • Defeat Sino-Japanese War in 1895 means humiliating end for Li Hongzhang
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10
Q

Self-Strengthening Movement 1861-1895

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Modernisation of the military:
- Modern Navy: Beiyang Navy
- Modern Army: Beiyang Army

  • Important: Beiyang army is part of Qing Army controlled by Li Hongzhang, not whole army!

Industrial enterprises:
- Railways, Coal Mines, Cotton Mills, Ironworks factories, Imperial Telegraph Administration

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11
Q

Tongzhi Restoration v. Meiji Restoration

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China
- “Self-Strengthening Movement”: to stop the dynastic decline
- No system change
- Biggest challenge: decentralisation of late Qing

Japan
- Meiji Restoration = overthrow of Tokugawa Shogunate
- Creation of new state
- Biggest asset: centralised state established in few decades

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12
Q

Meiji Restoration 1868

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13
Q

Japan late 19th Century: how will successful modernisation impact the region and the world?

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14
Q

Itō Hirobumi 1841-1909

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  • One of the Genrō (founding fathers of Modern Japan)
  • Prime Minister 1885-1901
  • Resident-General of Korea 1905-1909
  • Central in crafting Meiji Constitution and devising modern political system
  • Associated with first steps of Japanese imperial expansion
  • Assassinated by Korean nationalist An Jung-geun in 1909
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15
Q

Fukuzawa Yukichi

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  • Leaving Asia
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16
Q

1880s National Security Debate in Japan: Increasingly focused on Korea

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Two ideas dominate Japanese strategic thinking:
- No third power should control Korea (esp. Russia or China): because of strategic location and resources
- Korean coal and iron ore deposits need to fuel Japanese industrialization

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17
Q

Korea from the 1880s: conservatives and reformers under King Gojong

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King Gojong (1852-1919)

Conservatives: cling to China-dominated world order and resist the West. But also: imitate Chinese self-strengthening and gradual reform.
- Slogan: “Eastern Way, Western Technology”

Reformers: more pro-Japanese, follow Meiji Restoration model and more extensive reforms

18
Q

Korea from the 1880s: Chinese, Japanese, and Russian encroachment

A
  • 1884: Gapsin Coup by pro-Japanese army officers
  • Failure reduces Japanese influence
  • Outcome: more direct Qing interference from 1884-1894
  • Uneasy peace between pro-Japan and pro-China forces in Korea
  • This is considered a problem in Japan due to strategic interest
  • Russians also beginning to take an interest in the region
19
Q

Domestic unrest: Donghak Peasant Revolution 1894

A
  • “Donghak” = Eastern Learning
  • Followers of Donghak religion (syncretic blend of Confucianism, Christianity, Daoism, and Buddhism) used underground network of churches to revolt against central government
  • Donghak rebels occupied most of Jeolla province
  • Qing China responded to King Gojong’s pleas for assistance
  • Japan sends troop as well “to help”
  • Donghak rebels suppressed but fighting between Qing and Meiji forces erupted, resulting in the First Sino-Japanese War
20
Q

First Sino-Japanese War (25 July 1894 - 17 April 1895)

A

Expectation: Modernized Chinese army will win
- Army large with provincial units (Beiyang Army)
- Formidable navy

Reality:
- Japanese forces are quickly revealed to be much more effective

21
Q

Treaty of Shimonoseki 1895

A

Signed by Li Hongzhang and Ito Hirobumi

  • Taiwan ceded to Japan
  • Japan now gains privileges in China similar to other imperial powers
  • Ends all Qing China influence in Korea
  • This cements Japan’s arrival as imperial power
  • But annexation of Liaodong peninsula in China is blocked by Western powers (creates resentment in Japan)
22
Q

Aftermath of the War in China: “Scramble for Concessions” (1896-98)

A

Qing Dynasty now so weak that the imperialist powers take advantage and divide it in “spheres of influence”

  • Germany: Shandong
  • Britain: New Territories, Guangdong
  • Russia: Liaodong (and large parts of Manchuria after 1901)
  • France: Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong
  • Japan: Taiwan
  • U.S. Open Door Policy: “respect political independence and territorial integrity”
23
Q

Last Attempts to Save the Qing Dynasty

A
  • Hundred Days Reform 1898:
    Guangxu Emperor finally gives free rein to the bright reformers that wanted to change Qing into constitutional monarchy
  • Boxer Rebellion 1899-1901:
    Anti-foreign peasant uprising in any countryside, finally backed by court conservatives around Cixi, official declaration of war to all foreign powers
24
Q

Hundred Days’ Reform (11 June - 21 September of 1898)

A
  • Guangxu Emperor chooses path of reform
  • Led by the “Six Gentlemen” of the Hundred Days’ Reform
  • Beyond Self-Strengthening: also institutional and ideological change
  • Institutional reform and new educational system to strengthen China’s defense against Western imperialism
  • The political system re-organized: greater degree of efficiency
  • All this very unpopular among conservatives
25
Q

Hundred Days’ Reform (11 June - 21 September 1898)

A

The end:
- Guangxu Emperor fails to gain the support of the conservative elite or the masses
- Cixi moves against reformers with help of army leader Yuan Shikai
- Guangxu Emperor under house arrest until death in 1908
- “Six Gentlemen” executed

26
Q

Boxer Rebellion 1899-1901

A
  • Indicator of devastation Qing Dynasty: economic ruin in countryside
  • Anti-foreigner and anti-Christian peasant uprising
  • Unwisely, Empress Dowager Cixi chooses their side: declares war on all foreign powers
  • Li Hongzhang and Yuan Shikai oppose this
  • Attacks on foreigners lead to calls for foreign intervention
27
Q

Boxer Rebellion 1899-1901

A

Eight Nation Alliance
- German Empire, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Italy, US
- Extremely brutal crackdown
- Foreign troops occupy and loot Beijing for months
- Massive reparations to be paid
- Foreign troops in China to stay
- Cixi and Guangxu Emperor flee to Xian
- Li Hongzhang has to clean up the mess
- Only reason that Qing survives: foreigners need a central government to exploit China more easily

28
Q

Meanwhile in Korea: Japan and Russia compete for influence 1895-1905

A
  • Treaty of Shimonoseki expelled Qing Chinese presence
  • Korea now in Japanese “sphere of influence” but resentment grows
  • Oct 1895 assassination of Queen Min and coup leading to restoration of pro-Japan officers
  • Feb 1896 King Gojong sought Russian influence to counter Japanese influence
  • Increased Russian influence in Korean court inflamed Russo-Japanese rivalry
  • Must be seen in context of Russian expansionism in Far East, especially Manchuria
  • Gojong declares himself Emperor in 1897 to emphasize independence
29
Q

Russian Empire in the Far East

A
  • Strong culture of eastward expansionism in Russia
  • In 19th century Russian Far East more important and accessible: because of railways
  • Extending Empire’s territory increases status and legitimacy for a Tsar
  • Russian Empire feared and respected as largest land-empire in Eurasia

By late 19th century:
- Increasing influence in Manchuria (railways)
- Strive for control over Liaodong peninsula: naval base in Port Arthur
- After 1895 Russia extends its influence into Korea

30
Q

Russian Empire in the Far East

A

Tsar Nicholas II 1868-1918
- Old-fashioned autocrat: delays necessary reforms, very religious, not smart, hates Jews
- Saw eastern expansionism as easy win, even as it meant confrontation with Japan
- But, his East Asian endeavours are beginning of his downfall
- Had no real understanding of East Asia

31
Q

Russia-Japan tension

A
  • Japan offers “sphere of influence” deal: you Manchuria, we Korea
  • Russia: no way… we want Northern Korea to be a neutral buffer zone between us
  • Often overlooked fact: Anglo-Japanese alliance in 1902 meant that no other country could take Russia’s side in case of war: if two countries go to war with Japan, Britain will side with Japan
  • What is happening here? Russia totally underestimates Japanese power
32
Q

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

A
  • Japan attacked Russian forces in Port Arthur on Liaodong Peninsula
  • Japanese defeats Russian troops in battle after battle for about a year, destroys Eastern Fleet
  • After initial success, Japan offers peace talks
  • Tsar Nicholas II refuses: gambles entire navy by sending Baltic Fleet around the world
  • Battle of Tsushima: Baltic Fleet battleships all destroyed
  • Result: even more total victory for Japan
33
Q

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

A

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905):
- Russian possessions ceded to Japan in Northeast China (Liaodong peninsula, railways in Manchuria) and southern half of Sakhalin island
- Russia accepted Japanese influence in Korea and promised non-interference in Korea’s affairs
- So Russia loses all in Manchuria and Korea
- Completely changes balance of power on East Asian mainland

34
Q

Beginning of the End for the Russian Empire

A
  • First nail in the Romanov coffin: tremendous loss of prestige for Tsar
  • Downhill from here
  • Shock waves around world: first time a white western imperial nation is defeated by Asian power
  • It is clear: Japan is now an imperial power
35
Q

Korea becomes “Protectorate” of Japan 1905-1910

A
  • Japan-Korea treaty 1905
  • No more diplomatic sovereignty for Korea
  • Emperor Gojong opposes this and spends years trying to get outside help
  • 1907: secret mission to The Hague Peace Convention fails (museum)
  • Ito Hirobumi becomes “Resident-General” and in 1907 forces Korea to give up internal affairs as well
  • 1910: the most traumatic event in Korean history
36
Q

Annexation 1910

A

Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty 1910
“Emperor of Korea makes the complete and permanent cession to the Emperor of Japan of all rights of sovereignty over the whole of Korea”

37
Q

Last Decade of the Qing Dynasty: Constitutional Reform or Revolution?

A
  • After Boxer Rebellion many Chinese reformers now favour overthrow of Qing
  • Helped by fact Qing Dynasty was Manchu, not Han Chinese
  • Some desperate attempts by Cixi at reform are too little too late
  • Early 1900s Republicanism grows
  • Among many Chinese anti-Qing organisations abroad, one is strongest: Tongmenhui “National Alliance”
  • Led by revolutionary: Sun Yat-sen
38
Q

Last Days of the Qing

A
  • Both Cixi and Guangxu Emperor die in 1908
  • Last Emperor: Puyi on throne at two years old
  • Anti-Qing sentiment everywhere
  • Rise of Republicanism
  • The men to watch: Sun Yat-sen (exiled Republican leader) and Yuan Shikai (head of powerful Beiyang Army)
39
Q

The Fall of the Qing: Xinhai Revolution

A
  • Wuchang Uprising 10-10-1911
  • Qing turns to army leader Yuan Shikai, who focuses mostly on establishing his power within army
  • Qing quickly loses control of large parts of China
  • Republic of China 01-01-1912
  • Sun Yat-sen first President
  • Official abdication Qing Emperor 12-2-1912
40
Q

Republic of China (ROC) 1-1-1912

A

Republican period in mainland China: 1912-1949
Republic of China still exists today in Taiwan

History of East Asia (6 decks)

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