Two proccess model Flashcards
What does the behavioural approach suggest about behaviour?
All behaviour is learned
This approach is sometimes called learning theory.
What term do behaviourists use to mean ‘learning’?
Conditioning
An unconditioned response is unlearned, while a conditioned response has been learned.
What is the two-process model in relation to phobias?
Phobias are acquired by classical conditioning and continue due to operant conditioning
Proposed by Hobart Mower in 1960.
What are the key behavioural aspects of phobias?
- Avoidance
- Endurance
- Panic
The behavioural approach focuses on these aspects rather than cognitive and emotional ones.
What is classical conditioning?
Learning to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
A neutral stimulus initially triggers no fear, while an unconditioned stimulus triggers a fear response.
Who conducted the ‘Little Albert’ experiment?
John Watson and Rosalie Raynor
This experiment demonstrated the creation of a phobia in a 9-month-old baby.
In the ‘Little Albert’ experiment, what was the neutral stimulus (NS)?
White rat
Albert initially showed no unusual anxiety towards the white rat.
In the ‘Little Albert’ experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
Loud noise
The loud noise triggered a fear response in Albert.
What does the conditioned stimulus (CS) become in the context of phobias?
White rat
After conditioning, the white rat elicits a fear response.
What is the unconditioned response (UCR) in the ‘Little Albert’ experiment?
Fear response
This response was triggered by the loud noise.
What is the conditioned response (CR) in the context of the ‘Little Albert’ experiment?
Fear response to the white rat
After conditioning, Albert exhibited fear towards the white rat.
What is the two-process model in explaining phobias?
The two-process model explains that phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning.
How does operant conditioning maintain phobias?
Operant conditioning maintains phobias by reinforcing avoidance behavior, where escaping the phobic stimulus reduces fear and anxiety.
What is negative reinforcement in the context of phobias?
Negative reinforcement occurs when avoiding an unpleasant situation leads to a desirable outcome, increasing the likelihood of that avoidance behavior.
What did Mower suggest about avoidance behavior and phobias?
Mower suggested that avoiding a phobic stimulus reinforces the avoidance behavior, thus maintaining the phobia.
What was a significant contribution of the two-process model proposed in 1960?
The two-process model advanced the understanding of how phobias are maintained over time, influencing therapeutic approaches.
What ethical issues are associated with the two-process model?
The ethical issues involve the potential distress caused to patients during exposure therapy.
What is an incomplete explanation of phobias according to the two-process model?
The model does not explain why not everyone exposed to a fearful experience, such as a dog bite, develops a phobia.
What does the diathesis-stress model propose?
The diathesis-stress model proposes that genetic vulnerability combined with a triggering life event can lead to the development of a phobia.
What cognitive aspects are overlooked by the behavioral explanations of phobias?
Behavioral explanations focus on behavior rather than cognition, neglecting cognitive elements that may contribute to phobias.
True or False: All individuals who experience a dog bite will develop a phobia of dogs.
False
Fill in the blank: The two-process model suggests that a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a _______.
[fearful experience]
What is a reductionist critique of the two-process model?
The model is considered reductionist as it does not account for biological or evolutionary factors in the development of phobias.
What is the primary focus of the two-process model regarding phobias?
The primary focus is on the avoidance behavior that maintains phobias.
What role does specific event recall play in phobias?
Some individuals recall specific events that triggered their phobia, while others do not.
