Tuttle-base Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
What are modalities that cause deep heating?
A
US
SWD
MWD
2
Q
What are modalitites that cause superficial heating?
A
Hydrocolator IR UV Parrifin Whirlpool LVG
3
Q
What modalities are non-heat producing?
A
Sine wave stim. Pulsed US therapy Pulsed SWD IF HVG EMS TENS MENS
4
Q
List the tissues from best conductor to worse conductor
A
Muscle - 72-75% water Fat -14% water Nerves - 5-16% water Bones - 5-16% Skin - 5-16%
5
Q
What are the physiological effects of heat?
A
Increased metabolic rate (BMR) Increased capillary flow & filtration Increased nutrient supply to tissue Increased WBC & phagocytic activity Increased local perspiration rate Increased lymph flow along w/ blood flow
6
Q
What are specific local effects of heat?
A
Increased threshold to pain receptors (analgesia)
Superficial BT(?) increase doesn’t mean deep BT(?) increase
Increased pain threshold of peripheral nerves
Decrease muscle spindle response to stress-relaxes myospasm
7
Q
What are systemic effects of heat?
A
General increased perspiration via hypothalamus mechanism
Increased cardiac output & blood flow
Increased plasma volume
Decreased diastole blood pressure
Increased renal filtration –> increased urine loss
8
Q
What advantage does moist heat have over dry heat?
A
More penetration
Low skin resistence
9
Q
What are the 4 types of energy transfer?
A
Conduction
Convection
Conversion
Radiation
10
Q
Type of energy transfer that requires physical contact, i.e. one warm body next to a cool body. Hot moist pack, ice pack, paraffin, etc.
A
Conduction
11
Q
Type of energy transfer that requires a medium for transfer (air, water, etc.). Paraffin, whirlpool, etc.
A
Convection
12
Q
Type of energy transfer that transforms one form of energy into another form of energy. US
A
Conversion
13
Q
Type of energy transfer that uses heat through space w/o aid of media. UV, IR
A
Radiation
14
Q
What are four types of hydrotherapy?
A
Regular whirlpool
Hubbard tanks - whole body immersion
Sitz bath
Contrast bath - residual bath (start w/ heat & end w/ heat)
15
Q
What temp range is considered cold?
A
55-65f
16
Q
What temp range is considered cool?
A
65-80f
17
Q
What temp range is considered tepid?
A
80-93f
18
Q
What temp range is considered warm?
A
93-98f
19
Q
What temp range is considered hot?
A
98-105f
20
Q
What temp range is considered very hot?
A
105-115f
21
Q
What temp range is considered scalding?
A
> 120f
22
Q
What are contraindications for whirlpool?
A
Heart disease
Past cerebral vascular accident
Acute circulatory disease
Bladder & bowel dysfunction
23
Q
What are methods of cooling?
A
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation
24
Q
What are contraindications of cryotherapy?
A
Raynaud’s
Hypersensitive to cold
Frost bite
25
What are the physiological effects of cryotherapy?
Decrease blood flow & muscle spasm
| Vasoconstriction
26
If you tx w/ cryotherapy for longer than 20 mins what happens?
Hunting Reflex
27
What is the tx protocol for ice massage?
Time - 3-5mins
| Speed 4" per second
28
What is the order of sensation felt w/ cryotherapy?
```
CBAN
Cool
Burn
Aching
Numbness
```
29
What are the two types of vapocoolant spray?
Flourimethane (tuttle's spelling) - nonflammable, nontoxic, nonexplosive, not a general anesthetic
Ethyl Chloride - Flammable, toxic, explosive, can cause temporary blindness, local anesthetic
30
What are the 3 general effects of US?
Chemical
Physical
Thermal
31
Where in the body is US felt?
Interface b/w tissue (muscle & bone)
32
What are the types of crystals used in the transducer head of US?
Quartz (stable & best to use)
Barium Titanite (M/C)
LiSo4
33
What is the penetration range for US?
2.5cm - 8cm
34
How fast should you move the US head during tx?
2.5cm/1" per sec
35
What are potential problems w/ US?
Tissue cavitation
Soften bone
Periosteal burning
36
What are contraindications for US?
```
Epiphyseal growth plate open
Reproductive organs
Pregnant uterus
Malignancy
Acute infection
Metallic implant
```
37
What is the tx time for US on acute conditions? chronic?
Acute - 5 mins
| Chronic - 10 mins
38
What are the type of conducting media used w/ US?
Water (best)
Aquasonic gel
Polysonic Cream
Mineral oil (not to be used w/ ems)
39
What US settings do you use for Acute thin skin?
0.5-1.0 W/sq cm
40
What US settings do you use for Acute thick skin?
1.0-1.5 w/sq cm
41
What US settings do you use for chronic thin skin?
1.0-1.5 w/sq cm
42
What US settings do you use for chronic thick skin?
1.5-2.0 w/sq cm
43
When tx under water w/ US, how do you adjust the wattage & where do you place the sound head?
Raise the wattage by 0.5 per sq cm & hold sound head .5-1" away from tx area
44
What is the mixture in a paraffin bath?
1lb paraffin to 1oz mineral oil (7:1 ratio - straight from tuttle's notes, doesn't make sense b/c there are 16ozs in 1lb)
45
What is the temp range of paraffin?
125-130F
46
What are contraindications for paraffin?
Open wounds
Inflamed arthritis
Same as all heat modalities
47
What is the tx time for paraffin?
20-30 mins
48
What are the different application methods for paraffin?
Dip & wrap
Dip & leave
Painting
49
What is the depth of penetration for infrared?
2mm-10mm
50
What are the two types of sources for infrared heat?
Hydrocolators, whirlpool, paraffin, etc.
| Lamp
51
What is the tx time for infrared?
20-40 mins
52
What are the effects of high volt stimulator (galvanic?)?
```
Decrease muscle spasm
Decrease edema
Decrease pain
Increase circulation
Muscle re-education
Trigger point
Tissue healing
```
53
What are contraindications for a high voltage stimulators?
```
Pacemaker
Carotid sinus area
Transcaranaly (I have no idea)
Pregnancy
Malignancy
Impaired circulation
```
54
Type of opiates that are long acting, from pituitary, 3-5pps w/ muscle twitch.
Endorphins
55
Type of opiates that are short acting & released at 70-150pps
Enkephalins
56
What pole do you use for an acute condition?
Positive (more comfort to pt)
57
What pole do you use for chronic conditions?
Negative
58
What pps setting causes a muscle twitch?
<20pps
59
What pps setting causes motor tetany, non-fatiguing i.e. pumping effect, rehab, edema
20-70pps
60
How much airspace is need for SWD tx?
2"
61
What are the different grades of dosage for SWD?
Grade 1 - little to no sensation
Grade 2 - Warm comfortable sensation
Grade 3 - Intense
Grade 4 - Burning
62
How much airspace is used for MWD?
5-6"
63
What are two situations where you can't use MWD?
Pregnant women
| Can't use on sinus (retinal detachment)
64
What are different types of traction?
```
Intermittent (10-30 mins)
Constant (a minute to all day)
Sustained or static
Gravitational
Positional
Intersegmental
```
65
What is the angle of pull used in c-spine traction?
25-30 degrees (except C0-C1 which is 0 degs)
66
Type of UV that is bacteriocidal
UVC
67
Type of UV that is needed for Vit. D conversion
UVB
68
Type of UV that causes cancer
UVA
69
Pink coloring which appears 4-8 hours after UV test
MED (minimal erythemal dose)
70
What are the effects of the positive pole (anode) of LVG?
```
Attracts oxygen
Acid environment
Hardens tissue
Dehydrates tissue
Non-irritating
Vasoconstricts
Sedates
Bacteriocidal
```
71
What are the effects of the negative pole (cathode) of LVG?
```
Attracts hydrogen
Alkaline environment
Softens tissue
Liquefies
Vasodilator
Causes hyperemic reaction
```
72
How much larger should the dispersal pad be than the active pad w/ LVG?
dispersal pad is 3-5x active pad size
73
What is the ratio of milliamps to pad size w/ LVG?
1 milliamp per 1 sq. inch
74
In iontophoresis, what do you use Mg+ to tx?
```
DJD
Disc
RA
Myositis
Neuritis
```
75
In iontophoresis, what do you use Zinc (+) to tx?
Fungal
Allergies
Rhinitis
Acne otitis (I don't know if he meant "acne" & "otitis media". I don't think there is something called acne otitis)
76
In iontophoresis, what do you use Histamine (+) to tx?
PVD
| myospasm
77
In iontophoresis, what do you use hydro-cortisone (+) to tx?
RA
| Bursitis
78
In iontophoresis, what do you use Hyaluronidase (+) to tx?
Edema
79
In iontophoresis, what do you use Salicylate (-) to tx?
RA
| Myalgias
80
In iontophoresis, what do you use Iodine (-) to tx?
Adhesions
| Fibrositis
81
What are the effects of massage?
Reflex - sedation
| Mechanical - assists blood flow & lymph flow
82
What are contraindications of massage?
```
Vascular problems
Infection
Malignancy
Skin ds
Burn pts
Acute conditions
```
83
What are the different strokes of massage?
1. Effleurage - light to heavy stroking
2. Petrissage - kneading/squeezing & friction
3. Percussion/Tapoment - respiratory pts, trendelenburg position
4. Friction, transfriction massage
5. Trigger points
6. Stretching, pnf, post isometric
84
Type of dynamic patellar brace, knee brace
Pulumbo
85
Type of brace used for an ACL injury. Worn 4-8 wks at 40-60 deg. flex.
Thompson splint
86
Type of brace used for ACL & PCL problems
Leroy Hill
87
Type of brace used for MCL & LCL problems
Anderson
88
What does "SAID" principle used in rehab stand for?
Specific
Adaptation to
Imposed
Demands
89
Type of exercise where there is muscle contraction w/o joint movement. Used for immobilized pts & for early rehabilitation. Least effective for increasing strength & bulk
Isometric
90
Type of exercise where there is muscle contraction w/ joint movement at a fixed weight
Isotonic
91
Two types of isotonic contractions?
Eccentric - negative work - muscle lengthens
| Concentric - positive work - muscle shortens
92
Type of exercise where there is muscle contraction w/ joint movement at a constant speed
Isokinetic
93
Manual or mechanical resistance applied to cause inherent mechnical change during arc of motion & to coincide w/ skeletal layer system. Resistance increases as mechanical advantage increases
Variable resistance exercise (Nautilus)
94
Bodily movement to correct body impairment, improve musculoskeletal function or maintain state of well-being. Used for prevention of adhesions
Therapeutic exercise
95
What are 4 causes of adhesions?
Immobilizations
Edema
Trauma
Impaired circulation
96
What are the 4 types of ROM
Passive
Active Assistive
Active
Active Resistance
97
What are the 4 main categories of therapeutic exercise?
1. Active - tone, circulation, improve structural dislocation
2. Passive - early rehabilitation
3. Convalescent - active & passive range of motion for bed-ridden pt
4. Neuro-muscle reeducation - discrete control of primary mover is rehabilitated under direct consciousness(?) of pt
98
Any therapeutic maneuver designed to lengthen pathologically shortened tissue to increase range of motion
Stretching
99
Decrease in length of soft tissue, decrease in range of motion, decrease mechanical elasticity
Contracture
100
Tension developed in muscle w/ shortening or lengthening
Contraction
101
Permanent loss of flexibility, surgery required
Irreversible contracture
102
Ligament injury
Sprain
103
Muscle, tendon injury
Strain
104
Type of exercise used for LBP. Primarily causes flex. Ex: Knee to chest, Pelvic tilt, Crunch sit-up
Williams exercises
105
Type of exercise used for LBP. Primarily causes ext. Ex: Prone on elbows press ups
McKenzie exercises
106
Type of exercises used for pts w/ peripheral vascular ds
Beurgers-Allen exercise
107
Shoulder extension exercise (pendulum)
Codman's excerises
108
Type of progressive resistive exercise
DeLorme's exercises
109
Which quad muscle undergoes the quickest atrophy?
VMO (Terminal knee extension exercise important)
110
What grade of sprain is a moderate sprain consisting of incomplete or partial rupture w/ obvious swelling, ecchymosis, & difficulty in ambulation?
Grade II
111
What grade of sprain is a mild sprain w/ no actual lig. tear. Mild tenderness w/ some swelling may be present
Grade I
112
What grade of sprain is a complete tear of a lig. w/ swelling, hemmorhage, ankle instability, & inability to ambulate?
Grade III
