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PT Board Review > Tuttle-base > Flashcards

Tuttle-base Flashcards

1
Q

What are modalities that cause deep heating?

A

US
SWD
MWD

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2
Q

What are modalitites that cause superficial heating?

A 
Hydrocolator
IR
UV
Parrifin
Whirlpool
LVG
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3
Q

What modalities are non-heat producing?

A 
Sine wave stim.
Pulsed US therapy
Pulsed SWD
IF
HVG
EMS
TENS
MENS
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4
Q

List the tissues from best conductor to worse conductor

A 
Muscle - 72-75% water
Fat -14% water
Nerves - 5-16% water
Bones - 5-16%
Skin - 5-16%
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5
Q

What are the physiological effects of heat?

A 
Increased metabolic rate (BMR)
Increased capillary flow & filtration
Increased nutrient supply to tissue
Increased WBC & phagocytic activity
Increased local perspiration rate
Increased lymph flow along w/ blood flow
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6
Q

What are specific local effects of heat?

A

Increased threshold to pain receptors (analgesia)
Superficial BT(?) increase doesn’t mean deep BT(?) increase
Increased pain threshold of peripheral nerves
Decrease muscle spindle response to stress-relaxes myospasm

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7
Q

What are systemic effects of heat?

A

General increased perspiration via hypothalamus mechanism
Increased cardiac output & blood flow
Increased plasma volume
Decreased diastole blood pressure
Increased renal filtration –> increased urine loss

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8
Q

What advantage does moist heat have over dry heat?

A

More penetration

Low skin resistence

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of energy transfer?

A

Conduction
Convection
Conversion
Radiation

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10
Q

Type of energy transfer that requires physical contact, i.e. one warm body next to a cool body. Hot moist pack, ice pack, paraffin, etc.

A

Conduction

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11
Q

Type of energy transfer that requires a medium for transfer (air, water, etc.). Paraffin, whirlpool, etc.

A

Convection

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12
Q

Type of energy transfer that transforms one form of energy into another form of energy. US

A

Conversion

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13
Q

Type of energy transfer that uses heat through space w/o aid of media. UV, IR

A

Radiation

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14
Q

What are four types of hydrotherapy?

A

Regular whirlpool
Hubbard tanks - whole body immersion
Sitz bath
Contrast bath - residual bath (start w/ heat & end w/ heat)

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15
Q

What temp range is considered cold?

A

55-65f

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16
Q

What temp range is considered cool?

A

65-80f

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17
Q

What temp range is considered tepid?

A

80-93f

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18
Q

What temp range is considered warm?

A

93-98f

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19
Q

What temp range is considered hot?

A

98-105f

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20
Q

What temp range is considered very hot?

A

105-115f

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21
Q

What temp range is considered scalding?

A

> 120f

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22
Q

What are contraindications for whirlpool?

A

Heart disease
Past cerebral vascular accident
Acute circulatory disease
Bladder & bowel dysfunction

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23
Q

What are methods of cooling?

A

Conduction
Convection
Evaporation

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24
Q

What are contraindications of cryotherapy?

A

Raynaud’s
Hypersensitive to cold
Frost bite

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25
Q

What are the physiological effects of cryotherapy?

A

Decrease blood flow & muscle spasm

Vasoconstriction

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26
Q

If you tx w/ cryotherapy for longer than 20 mins what happens?

A

Hunting Reflex

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27
Q

What is the tx protocol for ice massage?

A

Time - 3-5mins

Speed 4” per second

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28
Q

What is the order of sensation felt w/ cryotherapy?

A 
CBAN
Cool
Burn
Aching
Numbness
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29
Q

What are the two types of vapocoolant spray?

A

Flourimethane (tuttle’s spelling) - nonflammable, nontoxic, nonexplosive, not a general anesthetic
Ethyl Chloride - Flammable, toxic, explosive, can cause temporary blindness, local anesthetic

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30
Q

What are the 3 general effects of US?

A

Chemical
Physical
Thermal

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31
Q

Where in the body is US felt?

A

Interface b/w tissue (muscle & bone)

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32
Q

What are the types of crystals used in the transducer head of US?

A

Quartz (stable & best to use)
Barium Titanite (M/C)
LiSo4

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33
Q

What is the penetration range for US?

A

2.5cm - 8cm

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34
Q

How fast should you move the US head during tx?

A

2.5cm/1” per sec

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35
Q

What are potential problems w/ US?

A

Tissue cavitation
Soften bone
Periosteal burning

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36
Q

What are contraindications for US?

A 
Epiphyseal growth plate open
Reproductive organs
Pregnant uterus
Malignancy
Acute infection
Metallic implant
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37
Q

What is the tx time for US on acute conditions? chronic?

A

Acute - 5 mins

Chronic - 10 mins

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38
Q

What are the type of conducting media used w/ US?

A

Water (best)
Aquasonic gel
Polysonic Cream
Mineral oil (not to be used w/ ems)

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39
Q

What US settings do you use for Acute thin skin?

A

0.5-1.0 W/sq cm

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40
Q

What US settings do you use for Acute thick skin?

A

1.0-1.5 w/sq cm

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41
Q

What US settings do you use for chronic thin skin?

A

1.0-1.5 w/sq cm

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42
Q

What US settings do you use for chronic thick skin?

A

1.5-2.0 w/sq cm

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43
Q

When tx under water w/ US, how do you adjust the wattage & where do you place the sound head?

A

Raise the wattage by 0.5 per sq cm & hold sound head .5-1” away from tx area

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44
Q

What is the mixture in a paraffin bath?

A

1lb paraffin to 1oz mineral oil (7:1 ratio - straight from tuttle’s notes, doesn’t make sense b/c there are 16ozs in 1lb)

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45
Q

What is the temp range of paraffin?

A

125-130F

46
Q

What are contraindications for paraffin?

A

Open wounds
Inflamed arthritis
Same as all heat modalities

47
Q

What is the tx time for paraffin?

A

20-30 mins

48
Q

What are the different application methods for paraffin?

A

Dip & wrap
Dip & leave
Painting

49
Q

What is the depth of penetration for infrared?

A

2mm-10mm

50
Q

What are the two types of sources for infrared heat?

A

Hydrocolators, whirlpool, paraffin, etc.

Lamp

51
Q

What is the tx time for infrared?

A

20-40 mins

52
Q

What are the effects of high volt stimulator (galvanic?)?

A 
Decrease muscle spasm
Decrease edema
Decrease pain
Increase circulation
Muscle re-education
Trigger point
Tissue healing
53
Q

What are contraindications for a high voltage stimulators?

A 
Pacemaker
Carotid sinus area
Transcaranaly (I have no idea)
Pregnancy
Malignancy 
Impaired circulation
54
Q

Type of opiates that are long acting, from pituitary, 3-5pps w/ muscle twitch.

A

Endorphins

55
Q

Type of opiates that are short acting & released at 70-150pps

A

Enkephalins

56
Q

What pole do you use for an acute condition?

A

Positive (more comfort to pt)

57
Q

What pole do you use for chronic conditions?

A

Negative

58
Q

What pps setting causes a muscle twitch?

A

<20pps

59
Q

What pps setting causes motor tetany, non-fatiguing i.e. pumping effect, rehab, edema

A

20-70pps

60
Q

How much airspace is need for SWD tx?

A

2”

61
Q

What are the different grades of dosage for SWD?

A

Grade 1 - little to no sensation
Grade 2 - Warm comfortable sensation
Grade 3 - Intense
Grade 4 - Burning

62
Q

How much airspace is used for MWD?

A

5-6”

63
Q

What are two situations where you can’t use MWD?

A

Pregnant women

Can’t use on sinus (retinal detachment)

64
Q

What are different types of traction?

A 
Intermittent (10-30 mins)
Constant (a minute to all day)
Sustained or static
Gravitational
Positional
Intersegmental
65
Q

What is the angle of pull used in c-spine traction?

A

25-30 degrees (except C0-C1 which is 0 degs)

66
Q

Type of UV that is bacteriocidal

A

UVC

67
Q

Type of UV that is needed for Vit. D conversion

A

UVB

68
Q

Type of UV that causes cancer

A

UVA

69
Q

Pink coloring which appears 4-8 hours after UV test

A

MED (minimal erythemal dose)

70
Q

What are the effects of the positive pole (anode) of LVG?

A 
Attracts oxygen
Acid environment
Hardens tissue
Dehydrates tissue
Non-irritating
Vasoconstricts
Sedates
Bacteriocidal
71
Q

What are the effects of the negative pole (cathode) of LVG?

A 
Attracts hydrogen
Alkaline environment
Softens tissue
Liquefies
Vasodilator
Causes hyperemic reaction
72
Q

How much larger should the dispersal pad be than the active pad w/ LVG?

A

dispersal pad is 3-5x active pad size

73
Q

What is the ratio of milliamps to pad size w/ LVG?

A

1 milliamp per 1 sq. inch

74
Q

In iontophoresis, what do you use Mg+ to tx?

A 
DJD
Disc
RA
Myositis
Neuritis
75
Q

In iontophoresis, what do you use Zinc (+) to tx?

A

Fungal
Allergies
Rhinitis
Acne otitis (I don’t know if he meant “acne” & “otitis media”. I don’t think there is something called acne otitis)

76
Q

In iontophoresis, what do you use Histamine (+) to tx?

A

PVD

myospasm

77
Q

In iontophoresis, what do you use hydro-cortisone (+) to tx?

A

RA

Bursitis

78
Q

In iontophoresis, what do you use Hyaluronidase (+) to tx?

A

Edema

79
Q

In iontophoresis, what do you use Salicylate (-) to tx?

A

RA

Myalgias

80
Q

In iontophoresis, what do you use Iodine (-) to tx?

A

Adhesions

Fibrositis

81
Q

What are the effects of massage?

A

Reflex - sedation

Mechanical - assists blood flow & lymph flow

82
Q

What are contraindications of massage?

A 
Vascular problems
Infection
Malignancy
Skin ds
Burn pts
Acute conditions
83
Q

What are the different strokes of massage?

A
  1. Effleurage - light to heavy stroking
  2. Petrissage - kneading/squeezing & friction
  3. Percussion/Tapoment - respiratory pts, trendelenburg position
  4. Friction, transfriction massage
  5. Trigger points
  6. Stretching, pnf, post isometric
84
Q

Type of dynamic patellar brace, knee brace

A

Pulumbo

85
Q

Type of brace used for an ACL injury. Worn 4-8 wks at 40-60 deg. flex.

A

Thompson splint

86
Q

Type of brace used for ACL & PCL problems

A

Leroy Hill

87
Q

Type of brace used for MCL & LCL problems

A

Anderson

88
Q

What does “SAID” principle used in rehab stand for?

A

Specific
Adaptation to
Imposed
Demands

89
Q

Type of exercise where there is muscle contraction w/o joint movement. Used for immobilized pts & for early rehabilitation. Least effective for increasing strength & bulk

A

Isometric

90
Q

Type of exercise where there is muscle contraction w/ joint movement at a fixed weight

A

Isotonic

91
Q

Two types of isotonic contractions?

A

Eccentric - negative work - muscle lengthens

Concentric - positive work - muscle shortens

92
Q

Type of exercise where there is muscle contraction w/ joint movement at a constant speed

A

Isokinetic

93
Q

Manual or mechanical resistance applied to cause inherent mechnical change during arc of motion & to coincide w/ skeletal layer system. Resistance increases as mechanical advantage increases

A

Variable resistance exercise (Nautilus)

94
Q

Bodily movement to correct body impairment, improve musculoskeletal function or maintain state of well-being. Used for prevention of adhesions

A

Therapeutic exercise

95
Q

What are 4 causes of adhesions?

A

Immobilizations
Edema
Trauma
Impaired circulation

96
Q

What are the 4 types of ROM

A

Passive
Active Assistive
Active
Active Resistance

97
Q

What are the 4 main categories of therapeutic exercise?

A
  1. Active - tone, circulation, improve structural dislocation
  2. Passive - early rehabilitation
  3. Convalescent - active & passive range of motion for bed-ridden pt
  4. Neuro-muscle reeducation - discrete control of primary mover is rehabilitated under direct consciousness(?) of pt
98
Q

Any therapeutic maneuver designed to lengthen pathologically shortened tissue to increase range of motion

A

Stretching

99
Q

Decrease in length of soft tissue, decrease in range of motion, decrease mechanical elasticity

A

Contracture

100
Q

Tension developed in muscle w/ shortening or lengthening

A

Contraction

101
Q

Permanent loss of flexibility, surgery required

A

Irreversible contracture

102
Q

Ligament injury

A

Sprain

103
Q

Muscle, tendon injury

A

Strain

104
Q

Type of exercise used for LBP. Primarily causes flex. Ex: Knee to chest, Pelvic tilt, Crunch sit-up

A

Williams exercises

105
Q

Type of exercise used for LBP. Primarily causes ext. Ex: Prone on elbows press ups

A

McKenzie exercises

106
Q

Type of exercises used for pts w/ peripheral vascular ds

A

Beurgers-Allen exercise

107
Q

Shoulder extension exercise (pendulum)

A

Codman’s excerises

108
Q

Type of progressive resistive exercise

A

DeLorme’s exercises

109
Q

Which quad muscle undergoes the quickest atrophy?

A

VMO (Terminal knee extension exercise important)

110
Q

What grade of sprain is a moderate sprain consisting of incomplete or partial rupture w/ obvious swelling, ecchymosis, & difficulty in ambulation?

A

Grade II

111
Q

What grade of sprain is a mild sprain w/ no actual lig. tear. Mild tenderness w/ some swelling may be present

A

Grade I

112
Q

What grade of sprain is a complete tear of a lig. w/ swelling, hemmorhage, ankle instability, & inability to ambulate?

A

Grade III

PT Board Review (2 decks)

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