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Irene Gold Flashcards

1
Q

Type of exercise that is vigorous exercise that results in oxygen consumption (from 50-85% of max) & HR (from 60-90% of max) & maintains this level for at least 15-20 mins. Refers to cyclic movements caused by contractions of large muscle masses

A

Aerobic exercise

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2
Q

The premise of this approach is that the cause of most LBP is acquired by walking upright in a straight position. Normal posture is considered knees bent & torso slightly bent forward

A

Williams Approach

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3
Q

All activities in the Williams Approach are geared towards what?

A

Reducing lumbar lordosis

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4
Q

This approach uses spinal assessment & therapy based on the behavior of pain & mechanical response to dynamic & static loading

A

McKenzie Approach

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5
Q

Type of pain syndrome that is caused by end range stress of normal structures?

A

Postural

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6
Q

Type of pain syndrome that is caused by end range stress leading to contracted or adherent structures

A

Dysfunction

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7
Q

Type of pain syndrome that is caused by anatomical disruptions or displacement of a structure, “herniated disc”

A

Derangement

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8
Q

Any exercise which a muscle is contracted eccentrically then immediately concentrically. Based on the concept of power (force x speed = power)

A

Plyometrics

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9
Q

What are examples of plyometric exercises?

A 
Push-up w/ clap
Jumps
Hops
Bounds
Box drills
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10
Q

What are the 3 phases of the stretch-shortening cycle?

A
  1. Eccentric
  2. Amortization
  3. Concentric
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11
Q

Exercises performed typically where the hand or foot is free to move. These exercises are typically non-weight bearing, w/ the movement occurring at the elbow or knee joint. If there is any weight applied, it is applied to the distal portion of the limb.

A

Open chain exercises

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12
Q

What are examples of open chain exercises?

A

Beanch press
Biceps curl
Leg extensions
Straight leg raise

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13
Q

Exercise performed where the hand or foot is fixed & can’t move. The hand/foot remains in constant contact w/ the surface, usually the ground or the base of a machine. These exercises are typically weight bearing exercises, where an exerciser uses their own body weight &/or external weight

A

Closed chain exercise

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14
Q

What muscles are tight/facilitated in lower cross syndrome?

A 
Iliopsoas
Rectus Femoris
TFL
Adductors
Erector Spinae
Gastroc/Soleus
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15
Q

What postural abnormalities does lower crossed syndrome cause?

A

Ant. rotation of pelvis
Increased lumbar lordosis
Hips in flexion
Knees may be hyperextended

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16
Q

What muscles are weak/inhibited in lower crossed syndrome?

A 
Rectus Abdominis
Oblique
Glut. Max.
Glut. Med. 
Hamstrings
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17
Q

What are some common injuries assoc. w/ lower crossed syndrome?

A

LBP
Knee Pain
Hamstring strains

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18
Q

Which muscles are tight/facilitated in upper crossed syndrome?

A 
Pec major
Pec min
Levator Scap
Teres Major
Upper trap.
Ant. deltoid
Subscap
Lat dorsi
SCM, Scalenes, Rectus Capitus
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19
Q

What muscles are weak/inhibited in upper crossed syndrome?

A 
Rhomboids
Lower traps
Serratus Ant.
Pos. delt
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
Longus coli & capitus
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20
Q

Type of muscle contraction w/ no change in its length & no joint movement, as when two opposing muscles contract in opposite directions

A

Isometric

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21
Q

Type of muscle contraction where the muscle is contracted by changing its length. There is joint movement against a constant weight.

A

Isotonic

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22
Q

Type of isotonic contraction that shortens the muscle as flexing the forearm producing contraction of the biceps brachii

A

Concentric

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23
Q

Type of isotonic contraction that lengthens the muscle while tension is maintained. After the forearm is flexed you then extend the forearm against resistance

A

Eccentric

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24
Q

Type of muscle contraction where the muscle changes in length while a constantly changing pressure or resistance is offered to the muscle at a constant speed through a full ROM. Example: exercising muscles using a Cybex machine

A

Isokinetic

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25
A series of exercises administered to pts w/ vascular ds. These exercises are repeated 6-7x at each sitting & done several times a day.
Buerger-Allen
26
A group of exercises designed to reduce LBP by strengthening the spinal muscles of flexion & extension as well as the abdominals & gluteus maximus
William's Exercises
27
Extension type exercises used for low back conditions. Can be used during the acute phase
McKenzies Exercises
28
An exercise created to strengthen the shoulder girdle while eliminating the use of the supraspinatus muscle. Also finger wall walking. Used for frozen shoulder & rotator cuff rehabilitation
Codman's Exercises AKA Pendular exercises
29
A systematic approach to muscle strengthening by increasing the resistance placed on the muscle.
DeLorme's Exercises
30
Exercises for pregnant females, & pts w/ urinary incontinence
Kegels/Pelvic floor exercises
31
Stress exercises to relax muscles
Jacobson's exercises
32
Crawling exercises to mobilize the spine, & exercise muscles in scoliosis (cross-crawl)
Clayton's Exercises
33
Ataxic motion & to develop coordination (wobble board)
Frenkel's exercises
34
Type of brace used for a scoliosis. Worn 23 hours/day. Employ for scoliosis that are b/w 20-40 degrees
Milwaukee brace
35
Type of brace that surrounds the hip circumference. Used for SI hypermobility.
Sacroiliac Girdle (Trochanteric belt)
36
Brace used for an inversion ankle sprain
Figure eight AKA Louisiana Strap
37
Brace used for a knee.
Lennox-Hill AKA Derotational brace
38
Type of brace used on the wrist for carpal tunnel syndrome.
Cockup Splint
39
Pt's w/ OA of the hip should place a cane in which hand, same side or opposite?
Opposite hand
40
When a pt is using one crutch, which side should they use it under, injured side or non-injured side?
Non-injured (opposite)
41
What are the measurements for fitting crutches?
"2-10-30" - Measure 2" from axilla - Tip of crutch 10" from malleolus - Crutches should, when placed correctly, be at 30degs
42
What are contraindications to all modalities?
Hemorrhage (Systemic) Infection w/ suppuration (exception: UV superficially) Malignancy (most important)
43
What are contraindications to all heating modalities?
``` Decreased thermal sensations Active TB Low back & abdomen during pregnancy Encapsulated swellings i.e. herpes simplex, non-draining sinusitis Diabetes mellitus - late stages ```
44
What are contraindications to all electrical modalities?
``` Pacemaker pts Low back & abdomen during pregnancy Decreased sensation (LVG only) Brain = transcerebral Eyes Heart = transthoracic Carotid sinuses ```
45
Which modalities are high frequency (100,000 Hz ?
``` UV IR SWD MWD US ```
46
Which modalities are low frequency (1-2,000 Hz)?
``` LVG HV SW Faradic TENS IF ```
47
What modality is medium frequency (2,000-10,000 Hz)?
IF
48
What modality is ultra-low frequency (<1 Hz)?
Micro-current
49
What are the effects of micro-current?
Increase ATP Increase AA Decrease pain
50
What bodily system receives the greatest effect from massage?
Vascular system
51
What are the physiological effects of massage?
Increases blood & lymph flow, HR, & BP Breaks adhesions Removes lactic acid Decreases edema, congestion, nerve activity (sedation)
52
What are indications for massage?
Strain/Sprains Bruises Tendonitis Bursitis
53
What are contraindications for massage?
``` "Vascular Problems" Phlebitis Thrombosis Varicosities Ulcerations Local acute conditions ```
54
Type of massage stroke charac. by stroking. Beginning & ending of every massage. Stroke towards the heart - centripital force.
Effleurage
55
Type of massage stroke charac. by deep kneading, for muscle tissue.
Petrissage
56
Type of massage stroke charac. by percussive strokes (hacking, cupping)
Tapotment
57
What are the 5 types of tapotment strokes?
1. Flat hand, slapping 2. Fist pounding 3. Finger tips tapping for young kids 4. Ulnar side, hacking 5. Cupping, for cystic fibrosis
58
Type of massage stroke charac. by deep rubbing (powder)
Friction
59
Type of massage stroke charac. by shaking. Extremities only.
Vibration
60
Type of massage stroke assoc. w/ Nimmo acupressure
Deep pressure
61
What are some benefits of transverse friction massage?
Breaks adhesions in muscles, ligs, & joint capsules | Decreases chemical cross linking
62
What conditions are not recommended for transverse friction massage?
Calcific tendonitis/bursitis (will inflame the tissue even more)
63
What are the two types of traction?
Constant | Intermittent (pumping, gliding, disc problems)
64
What are the physiological effects of traction?
``` Decrease intradiscal pressure Increase IVF space Break adhesions (intermittent) Straightens curves (continuous) Breaks muscle spasms (Intermittent) Gliding of facet joints ```
65
What are indications for traction?
``` Disc syndromes Foraminal encroachment Hyperlordosis Chronic muscle spasms Fibrotic adhesions ```
66
What are contraindications for traction?
Bone weakening conditions (osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia) Pregnancy RA - Transverse lig. (or Down's) unless Flex/Ext views are taken Acute muscle spasms Fx's (ex. healed compression fx's) Hypertensive disorders
67
What is the dosage for cervical traction?
Begin at 5% of body weight & increase 2lbs Max each tx to a Max of 50lbs (never exceed 50). Never exceed pt tolerance. (It takes 10lbs to overcome the weight of the skull)
68
What positions (degrees) are used for cervical traction?
Flexion 25-28deg. for C2-C7 | Neutral (0deg) for Occiput-C1
69
What dosage is used for lumbar traction?
Begin at 25% of body weight & increase 5lbs max. w/ each tx to a max. of 150lbs. Never exceed pt tolerance.
70
What position is used for lumbar traction?
Supine w/ legs flexed & knees flexed. | 2 Names: 90 90 traction, Gouchers position
71
What are the local effects of cryotherapy?
- Vasoconstriction (followed by vasodilation [Hunting-Lewis reaction]) - Decreased capillary pressure - Edema reduction - Decreased nerve metabolism - Anesthetic to nervous system
72
What are the systemic effects of cryotherapy?
Increased BP | Decreased blood flow
73
What are contraindications of cryotherapy?
Circulatory compromise (Raynaud's, Buerger's) Pt's hypersensitive to cold Frostbite Chillblains - after Fb (frostbite?) (use + pole galvanize) High BP
74
What are the different types of cryotherapy?
Ice packs (1 towel layer for 20min) Blue ice (1 towel layer for 20min) Ice immersion (10-15 mins) Ice massage (5 min, keep moving) Vapocoolant sprays - fluoromethane (ethyl chloride) - flexible keep 14-18" away from pt. Cryokinetics - Ice massage for 5 min w/ ROM or movements
75
What are the sensory reactions to cryotherapy?
``` "CBAN" Cold Burning Aching Numbness ```
76
What are the different types of heat transmission?
Convection Conduction Conversion Radiation
77
Type of heat transmission by a liquid or a gas by circulation of the heat particles. Used in whirlpool, sauna, & heating a hydrocollator pack
Convection
78
Type of heat transmission that is the transfer of electrical energy into heat. Used in shortwave, microwave, & US.
Conversion
79
Type of heat transmission w/o the intervening medium getting heated. Used in infrared lamp & UV lamp. Most from the sun.
Radiation
80
What are the physiological effects of infrared?
Increases vasodilation, circulation, lymph flow | Decreases muscle spasms, BP
81
What are the indications for infrared?
``` Arthritic conditions Rheumatoid conditions Stiff joints Chronic backache Contusions Beurgers & Raynaud's phenomenon Bell's palsy Muscle spasm Subacute & chronic inflammatory conditions ```
82
What are the 2 types of infrared?
Long wave - emitted by heated bodies | Short wave - Incandescent
83
Redness that usually lasts one hour
Erythema
84
Mottle (splotchy) skin in area habitually exposed to heat (infrared) radiation
Erythema Ab igne
85
What is the temp range for hydrocolator packs?
150-170 degrees
86
How many towel layers are used for hydrocolator packs?
6 towel layers
87
What is a sitz bath used for?
Relief of pain from hemorrhoids Dysmenorrhea Coccydynia Prostatitis
88
What are the physiological effects of UV?
Erythema Tanning of the skin - d/t movement of melanin -phototaxia Metabolic effects - Vit D synthesis, antibacterial, antifungal
89
What are indications for UV?
Acne Herpes Zoster (not simplex) Fungal Infections (taenia pedis & capitis) Chronic ulcers, x-ray, minor burns, slow healing wounds Rickets Osteomalacia
90
How far does UV penetrate the tissue?
Superficial; 1-2mm
91
What is the dosage for UV?
As pt tolerance increases, increase duration by 15 secs/tx to a max of 3mins. When this max has been reached, decrease the distance by 2" per tx to minimum of 18". Max intensity is 3mins @ 18"
92
What is the wavelength for shortwave (near UV) UV? Long wave (far UV)?
``` Short = 180-270mm Long = 270-390mm ```
93
What is the M/C type of UV device?
Cold quartz
94
Law that states the optimum effect of radiation occurs when the part to be treated is at right angles to the source
Cosine Law AKA The Angulation of Rays
95
Law that states the intensity of radiation from any light source varies inversely w/ the square of the distance from the source
Inverse Square Law
96
What are the 5 stages of burns?
``` 0 - suberythemal dose (SED) - no red 1 - min. erythemal dose (MED) - slight red 2 - sunburn 3 - blistering 4 - swelling ```
97
What are the physiological effects of SWD & MWD?
- Increases temp, pulse, respiration, BMR, lymph flow, elimination, nutrition, vasodilation, glandular secretions - Decreases BP, nerve pain, muscle cramps, muscle spasms
98
What are indications for SWD?
``` Arthritis Sprain Bursitis Tenosynovitis Radiculitis Neuroitis Neuralgia Bronchitis Sinusitis PID ```
99
What are indications for MWD?
``` Hip conditions Strain Myalgia Myositis Fibrositis ```
100
Other than the common contraindications, what are additional contraindications to heat assoc. w/ SWD & MWD?
Metallic implants Surface metals Epiphyseal centers (open growth centers)
101
What are specific contraindications to MWD?
Sinusitis | Otitis Media
102
When using SWD, what type of electrodes do you use when treating sinusitis?
Butterfly electrodes
103
Type of modality that has to be registered w/ the FCC b/c it uses the same freq. as radio & TV (cable is coaxial)
SWD
104
Type of modality that pt's have to wear wire mesh goggles when being treated?
MWD
105
What are the thermal effects of US?
``` Hyperemia Increased alkalosis Increased leukocytes Increased glandular activity Reduce muscle spasm Deep heating ```
106
What are the mechanical effects of US?
Dispersion of fluids Removes exudates Increased molecular & membrane permeability
107
What are the chemical effects of US?
Increases gaseous exchange Increases chemical oxidation Aids in healing
108
What are the neural effects of US?
Mild anesthesia
109
What are indications for US?
Subacute sprains/strains Contusions Tendonitis Bursitis
110
What areas are contraindicated for US use?
``` Spinal cord Plexuses Ganglia Over epiphysis (open growth plates) Bony prominences (unless under water) Fx's ```
111
How deep does US penetrate the tissues?
4-8cm (deepest heat modality)
112
What freq. does US use?
high, 0.7-1.1 (MHz) megacycles/sec
113
What is the therapeutic range (settings) of US?
0.5-2.5 watts/sq cm
114
What is the tx duration for US in acute, subacute, & chronic conditions?
Acute - 4 min (flexible) Subacute - 6 min (flexible) Chronic - 10 min (max, set in stone)
115
Where in the body do the effects of US peak at?
Bone muscle interface
116
Which is more superficial 1 megahertz or 3 megahertz?
3 megahertz
117
This is done w/ US when a substance may be introduced into the tissues by incorporating cream, lotion, or gel as a coupling medium. Used to drive chemicals into the skin
Phonophoresis
118
Type of waveform that is unidirectional, monophasic, continuous wave. Has strong polarity. DC
Low Volt galvanic
119
Type of waveform that is unidirectional, monophasic, twin peaked pulsed wave. Used for pain control. Has polarity. DC
High volt galvanic
120
Type of waveform that is bidirectional, biphasic, symmetrical wave. Used for muscle contraction. AC
Sine wave
121
Type of waveform that is bidirectional, asymmetrical wave, biphasic. Used for muscle contractions. AC
Faradic
122
Type of waveform that is 2 medium freq. crossing sine waves. Deepest penetrating, least resistant. Used fro pain control, edema reduction, muscle contraction
Interferential
123
Soluble ionic salts are introduced into the body tissues by electrical means
Iontophoresis
124
Minimum amount of stim. to cause contraction?
Rheobase
125
Minimum amount of time to cause a contraction @ 2x the rheobase
Chronaxie
126
What are the physiological effects of the positive pole of low volt galvanic?
``` "Just Like Ice" Acute pain relief Vasoconstriction Hardens tissue Attracts oxygen Repels hydrogen Attracts acids Repels bases ```
127
What are the physiological effects of the negative pole of low volt galvanic?
``` Chronic pain relief Vasodilation Softens tissue Attracts hydrogen Repels oxygen Attracts bases Repels acids ```
128
What are indications for LVG?
``` Contusions Sprains Myositis Fibrositis Electrodiagnosis Denervated muscle ```
129
What is the intensity & duration used for LVG?
0.5-1.0 milliamp/sq in of active electrode for 5-20 mins every day
130
The anatomical & electrical change that occurs in muscles & nerves following an injury which separates the muscle from its ant. horn cell
Reaction of degeneration
131
This is used to measure muscle activity. A method of determining the extent of neuromuscular damage using an electrical device as the stimulus while recording the response on a graph
EMG (electromyograph)
132
What is the name of the tx pad in LVG that is small enough for stimulation of a particualr area or muscle to be treated?
Active or Treating Pad
133
What is the name of the tx pad in LVG that is large enough so as not to have a stimulating effect (diluting effect)?
DIspersive or Indifferent pad
134
At what rate is HVG used to release enkephalins?
>70 pulses/sec (High & fast)
135
At what rate is HVG used to release endorphins?
1-10 pulses/sec (Low & slow)
136
What are the physiological effects of HVG?
Pain control (opiate system) Reduction of edema Muscle spasm reduction Muscle exercise
137
What are indications for HVG?
``` Musculoskeletal pain Muscle spasms Acute & subacute edema conditions Muscle atrophy Rehabilitate weaken muscle ```
138
Where over the body is HVG contraindicated?
Over the heart, pacemakers | Low back & abdomen during pregnancy
139
What are the physiological effects of TENS?
``` Pain control Stimulate A-beta fibers Stimulate enkephilin/endorphin release Blocks A-delta fibers Blocks C fibers ```
140
What are indications for TENS?
All types of pain except visceral
141
What are contraindications for TENS?
Not used during pregnancy but OK to use at delivery
142
What are the pad placements for TENS?
``` Painful site Dermatomal Peripheral nerve Trigger point Motor point Acupuncture point Contralateral - developed for phantom limb pain ```
143
What are the physiological effects of IF?
Muscle contraction Edema reduction Pain control
144
What are indications for IF?
Acute injuries Swelling Muscle spasms Muscle atrophy
145
This is constant changing of the treating freq equals decreased accommodation
Modulation
146
What is the base or carrier freq. used for IF?
2,000-10,000 Hz
147
What is the beat or treating freq. used for IF?
1-2,000 Hz
148
What are the indications for microcurrent?
musculoskeletal injuries
149
What are cold lasers used for?
Decrease inflammation | Decrease pain
150
The transfer of heat by a solid substance i.e. hydrocollator pack or paraffin.
Conduction

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