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PT Board Review > Irene Gold > Flashcards

Irene Gold Flashcards

1
Q

Type of exercise that is vigorous exercise that results in oxygen consumption (from 50-85% of max) & HR (from 60-90% of max) & maintains this level for at least 15-20 mins. Refers to cyclic movements caused by contractions of large muscle masses

A

Aerobic exercise

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2
Q

The premise of this approach is that the cause of most LBP is acquired by walking upright in a straight position. Normal posture is considered knees bent & torso slightly bent forward

A

Williams Approach

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3
Q

All activities in the Williams Approach are geared towards what?

A

Reducing lumbar lordosis

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4
Q

This approach uses spinal assessment & therapy based on the behavior of pain & mechanical response to dynamic & static loading

A

McKenzie Approach

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5
Q

Type of pain syndrome that is caused by end range stress of normal structures?

A

Postural

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6
Q

Type of pain syndrome that is caused by end range stress leading to contracted or adherent structures

A

Dysfunction

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7
Q

Type of pain syndrome that is caused by anatomical disruptions or displacement of a structure, “herniated disc”

A

Derangement

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8
Q

Any exercise which a muscle is contracted eccentrically then immediately concentrically. Based on the concept of power (force x speed = power)

A

Plyometrics

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9
Q

What are examples of plyometric exercises?

A 
Push-up w/ clap
Jumps
Hops
Bounds
Box drills
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10
Q

What are the 3 phases of the stretch-shortening cycle?

A
  1. Eccentric
  2. Amortization
  3. Concentric
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11
Q

Exercises performed typically where the hand or foot is free to move. These exercises are typically non-weight bearing, w/ the movement occurring at the elbow or knee joint. If there is any weight applied, it is applied to the distal portion of the limb.

A

Open chain exercises

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12
Q

What are examples of open chain exercises?

A

Beanch press
Biceps curl
Leg extensions
Straight leg raise

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13
Q

Exercise performed where the hand or foot is fixed & can’t move. The hand/foot remains in constant contact w/ the surface, usually the ground or the base of a machine. These exercises are typically weight bearing exercises, where an exerciser uses their own body weight &/or external weight

A

Closed chain exercise

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14
Q

What muscles are tight/facilitated in lower cross syndrome?

A 
Iliopsoas
Rectus Femoris
TFL
Adductors
Erector Spinae
Gastroc/Soleus
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15
Q

What postural abnormalities does lower crossed syndrome cause?

A

Ant. rotation of pelvis
Increased lumbar lordosis
Hips in flexion
Knees may be hyperextended

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16
Q

What muscles are weak/inhibited in lower crossed syndrome?

A 
Rectus Abdominis
Oblique
Glut. Max.
Glut. Med. 
Hamstrings
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17
Q

What are some common injuries assoc. w/ lower crossed syndrome?

A

LBP
Knee Pain
Hamstring strains

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18
Q

Which muscles are tight/facilitated in upper crossed syndrome?

A 
Pec major
Pec min
Levator Scap
Teres Major
Upper trap.
Ant. deltoid
Subscap
Lat dorsi
SCM, Scalenes, Rectus Capitus
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19
Q

What muscles are weak/inhibited in upper crossed syndrome?

A 
Rhomboids
Lower traps
Serratus Ant.
Pos. delt
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
Longus coli & capitus
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20
Q

Type of muscle contraction w/ no change in its length & no joint movement, as when two opposing muscles contract in opposite directions

A

Isometric

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21
Q

Type of muscle contraction where the muscle is contracted by changing its length. There is joint movement against a constant weight.

A

Isotonic

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22
Q

Type of isotonic contraction that shortens the muscle as flexing the forearm producing contraction of the biceps brachii

A

Concentric

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23
Q

Type of isotonic contraction that lengthens the muscle while tension is maintained. After the forearm is flexed you then extend the forearm against resistance

A

Eccentric

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24
Q

Type of muscle contraction where the muscle changes in length while a constantly changing pressure or resistance is offered to the muscle at a constant speed through a full ROM. Example: exercising muscles using a Cybex machine

A

Isokinetic

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25
Q

A series of exercises administered to pts w/ vascular ds. These exercises are repeated 6-7x at each sitting & done several times a day.

A

Buerger-Allen

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26
Q

A group of exercises designed to reduce LBP by strengthening the spinal muscles of flexion & extension as well as the abdominals & gluteus maximus

A

William’s Exercises

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27
Q

Extension type exercises used for low back conditions. Can be used during the acute phase

A

McKenzies Exercises

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28
Q

An exercise created to strengthen the shoulder girdle while eliminating the use of the supraspinatus muscle. Also finger wall walking. Used for frozen shoulder & rotator cuff rehabilitation

A

Codman’s Exercises AKA Pendular exercises

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29
Q

A systematic approach to muscle strengthening by increasing the resistance placed on the muscle.

A

DeLorme’s Exercises

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30
Q

Exercises for pregnant females, & pts w/ urinary incontinence

A

Kegels/Pelvic floor exercises

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31
Q

Stress exercises to relax muscles

A

Jacobson’s exercises

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32
Q

Crawling exercises to mobilize the spine, & exercise muscles in scoliosis (cross-crawl)

A

Clayton’s Exercises

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33
Q

Ataxic motion & to develop coordination (wobble board)

A

Frenkel’s exercises

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34
Q

Type of brace used for a scoliosis. Worn 23 hours/day. Employ for scoliosis that are b/w 20-40 degrees

A

Milwaukee brace

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35
Q

Type of brace that surrounds the hip circumference. Used for SI hypermobility.

A

Sacroiliac Girdle (Trochanteric belt)

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36
Q

Brace used for an inversion ankle sprain

A

Figure eight AKA Louisiana Strap

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37
Q

Brace used for a knee.

A

Lennox-Hill AKA Derotational brace

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38
Q

Type of brace used on the wrist for carpal tunnel syndrome.

A

Cockup Splint

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39
Q

Pt’s w/ OA of the hip should place a cane in which hand, same side or opposite?

A

Opposite hand

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40
Q

When a pt is using one crutch, which side should they use it under, injured side or non-injured side?

A

Non-injured (opposite)

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41
Q

What are the measurements for fitting crutches?

A

“2-10-30”

  • Measure 2” from axilla
  • Tip of crutch 10” from malleolus
  • Crutches should, when placed correctly, be at 30degs
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42
Q

What are contraindications to all modalities?

A

Hemorrhage (Systemic)
Infection w/ suppuration (exception: UV superficially)
Malignancy (most important)

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43
Q

What are contraindications to all heating modalities?

A 
Decreased thermal sensations
Active TB
Low back & abdomen during pregnancy
Encapsulated swellings i.e. herpes simplex, non-draining sinusitis
Diabetes mellitus - late stages
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44
Q

What are contraindications to all electrical modalities?

A 
Pacemaker pts
Low back & abdomen during pregnancy
Decreased sensation (LVG only)
Brain = transcerebral
Eyes
Heart = transthoracic
Carotid sinuses
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45
Q

Which modalities are high frequency (100,000 Hz ?

A 
UV
IR
SWD
MWD
US
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46
Q

Which modalities are low frequency (1-2,000 Hz)?

A 
LVG
HV
SW
Faradic
TENS
IF
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47
Q

What modality is medium frequency (2,000-10,000 Hz)?

A

IF

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48
Q

What modality is ultra-low frequency (<1 Hz)?

A

Micro-current

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49
Q

What are the effects of micro-current?

A

Increase ATP
Increase AA
Decrease pain

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50
Q

What bodily system receives the greatest effect from massage?

A

Vascular system

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51
Q

What are the physiological effects of massage?

A

Increases blood & lymph flow, HR, & BP
Breaks adhesions
Removes lactic acid
Decreases edema, congestion, nerve activity (sedation)

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52
Q

What are indications for massage?

A

Strain/Sprains
Bruises
Tendonitis
Bursitis

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53
Q

What are contraindications for massage?

A 
"Vascular Problems"
Phlebitis
Thrombosis
Varicosities
Ulcerations
Local acute conditions
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54
Q

Type of massage stroke charac. by stroking. Beginning & ending of every massage. Stroke towards the heart - centripital force.

A

Effleurage

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55
Q

Type of massage stroke charac. by deep kneading, for muscle tissue.

A

Petrissage

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56
Q

Type of massage stroke charac. by percussive strokes (hacking, cupping)

A

Tapotment

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57
Q

What are the 5 types of tapotment strokes?

A
  1. Flat hand, slapping
  2. Fist pounding
  3. Finger tips tapping for young kids
  4. Ulnar side, hacking
  5. Cupping, for cystic fibrosis
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58
Q

Type of massage stroke charac. by deep rubbing (powder)

A

Friction

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59
Q

Type of massage stroke charac. by shaking. Extremities only.

A

Vibration

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60
Q

Type of massage stroke assoc. w/ Nimmo acupressure

A

Deep pressure

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61
Q

What are some benefits of transverse friction massage?

A

Breaks adhesions in muscles, ligs, & joint capsules

Decreases chemical cross linking

62
Q

What conditions are not recommended for transverse friction massage?

A

Calcific tendonitis/bursitis (will inflame the tissue even more)

63
Q

What are the two types of traction?

A

Constant

Intermittent (pumping, gliding, disc problems)

64
Q

What are the physiological effects of traction?

A 
Decrease intradiscal pressure
Increase IVF space
Break adhesions (intermittent)
Straightens curves (continuous)
Breaks muscle spasms (Intermittent)
Gliding of facet joints
65
Q

What are indications for traction?

A 
Disc syndromes
Foraminal encroachment
Hyperlordosis
Chronic muscle spasms
Fibrotic adhesions
66
Q

What are contraindications for traction?

A

Bone weakening conditions (osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia)
Pregnancy
RA - Transverse lig. (or Down’s) unless Flex/Ext views are taken
Acute muscle spasms
Fx’s (ex. healed compression fx’s)
Hypertensive disorders

67
Q

What is the dosage for cervical traction?

A

Begin at 5% of body weight & increase 2lbs Max each tx to a Max of 50lbs (never exceed 50). Never exceed pt tolerance. (It takes 10lbs to overcome the weight of the skull)

68
Q

What positions (degrees) are used for cervical traction?

A

Flexion 25-28deg. for C2-C7

Neutral (0deg) for Occiput-C1

69
Q

What dosage is used for lumbar traction?

A

Begin at 25% of body weight & increase 5lbs max. w/ each tx to a max. of 150lbs. Never exceed pt tolerance.

70
Q

What position is used for lumbar traction?

A

Supine w/ legs flexed & knees flexed.

2 Names: 90 90 traction, Gouchers position

71
Q

What are the local effects of cryotherapy?

A
  • Vasoconstriction (followed by vasodilation [Hunting-Lewis reaction])
  • Decreased capillary pressure
  • Edema reduction
  • Decreased nerve metabolism
  • Anesthetic to nervous system
72
Q

What are the systemic effects of cryotherapy?

A

Increased BP

Decreased blood flow

73
Q

What are contraindications of cryotherapy?

A

Circulatory compromise (Raynaud’s, Buerger’s)
Pt’s hypersensitive to cold
Frostbite
Chillblains - after Fb (frostbite?) (use + pole galvanize)
High BP

74
Q

What are the different types of cryotherapy?

A

Ice packs (1 towel layer for 20min)
Blue ice (1 towel layer for 20min)
Ice immersion (10-15 mins)
Ice massage (5 min, keep moving)
Vapocoolant sprays - fluoromethane (ethyl chloride) - flexible keep 14-18” away from pt.
Cryokinetics - Ice massage for 5 min w/ ROM or movements

75
Q

What are the sensory reactions to cryotherapy?

A 
"CBAN"
Cold
Burning
Aching
Numbness
76
Q

What are the different types of heat transmission?

A

Convection
Conduction
Conversion
Radiation

77
Q

Type of heat transmission by a liquid or a gas by circulation of the heat particles. Used in whirlpool, sauna, & heating a hydrocollator pack

A

Convection

78
Q

Type of heat transmission that is the transfer of electrical energy into heat. Used in shortwave, microwave, & US.

A

Conversion

79
Q

Type of heat transmission w/o the intervening medium getting heated. Used in infrared lamp & UV lamp. Most from the sun.

A

Radiation

80
Q

What are the physiological effects of infrared?

A

Increases vasodilation, circulation, lymph flow

Decreases muscle spasms, BP

81
Q

What are the indications for infrared?

A 
Arthritic conditions
Rheumatoid conditions
Stiff joints
Chronic backache
Contusions
Beurgers & Raynaud's phenomenon
Bell's palsy
Muscle spasm
Subacute & chronic inflammatory conditions
82
Q

What are the 2 types of infrared?

A

Long wave - emitted by heated bodies

Short wave - Incandescent

83
Q

Redness that usually lasts one hour

A

Erythema

84
Q

Mottle (splotchy) skin in area habitually exposed to heat (infrared) radiation

A

Erythema Ab igne

85
Q

What is the temp range for hydrocolator packs?

A

150-170 degrees

86
Q

How many towel layers are used for hydrocolator packs?

A

6 towel layers

87
Q

What is a sitz bath used for?

A

Relief of pain from hemorrhoids
Dysmenorrhea
Coccydynia
Prostatitis

88
Q

What are the physiological effects of UV?

A

Erythema
Tanning of the skin - d/t movement of melanin -phototaxia
Metabolic effects - Vit D synthesis, antibacterial, antifungal

89
Q

What are indications for UV?

A

Acne
Herpes Zoster (not simplex)
Fungal Infections (taenia pedis & capitis)
Chronic ulcers, x-ray, minor burns, slow healing wounds
Rickets
Osteomalacia

90
Q

How far does UV penetrate the tissue?

A

Superficial; 1-2mm

91
Q

What is the dosage for UV?

A

As pt tolerance increases, increase duration by 15 secs/tx to a max of 3mins. When this max has been reached, decrease the distance by 2” per tx to minimum of 18”. Max intensity is 3mins @ 18”

92
Q

What is the wavelength for shortwave (near UV) UV? Long wave (far UV)?

A 
Short = 180-270mm
Long = 270-390mm
93
Q

What is the M/C type of UV device?

A

Cold quartz

94
Q

Law that states the optimum effect of radiation occurs when the part to be treated is at right angles to the source

A

Cosine Law AKA The Angulation of Rays

95
Q

Law that states the intensity of radiation from any light source varies inversely w/ the square of the distance from the source

A

Inverse Square Law

96
Q

What are the 5 stages of burns?

A 
0 - suberythemal dose (SED) - no red
1 - min. erythemal dose (MED) - slight red
2 - sunburn
3 - blistering
4 - swelling
97
Q

What are the physiological effects of SWD & MWD?

A
  • Increases temp, pulse, respiration, BMR, lymph flow, elimination, nutrition, vasodilation, glandular secretions
  • Decreases BP, nerve pain, muscle cramps, muscle spasms
98
Q

What are indications for SWD?

A 
Arthritis
Sprain
Bursitis
Tenosynovitis
Radiculitis
Neuroitis
Neuralgia
Bronchitis
Sinusitis
PID
99
Q

What are indications for MWD?

A 
Hip conditions
Strain
Myalgia
Myositis
Fibrositis
100
Q

Other than the common contraindications, what are additional contraindications to heat assoc. w/ SWD & MWD?

A

Metallic implants
Surface metals
Epiphyseal centers (open growth centers)

101
Q

What are specific contraindications to MWD?

A

Sinusitis

Otitis Media

102
Q

When using SWD, what type of electrodes do you use when treating sinusitis?

A

Butterfly electrodes

103
Q

Type of modality that has to be registered w/ the FCC b/c it uses the same freq. as radio & TV (cable is coaxial)

A

SWD

104
Q

Type of modality that pt’s have to wear wire mesh goggles when being treated?

A

MWD

105
Q

What are the thermal effects of US?

A 
Hyperemia
Increased alkalosis
Increased leukocytes
Increased glandular activity
Reduce muscle spasm
Deep heating
106
Q

What are the mechanical effects of US?

A

Dispersion of fluids
Removes exudates
Increased molecular & membrane permeability

107
Q

What are the chemical effects of US?

A

Increases gaseous exchange
Increases chemical oxidation
Aids in healing

108
Q

What are the neural effects of US?

A

Mild anesthesia

109
Q

What are indications for US?

A

Subacute sprains/strains
Contusions
Tendonitis
Bursitis

110
Q

What areas are contraindicated for US use?

A 
Spinal cord
Plexuses
Ganglia
Over epiphysis (open growth plates)
Bony prominences (unless under water)
Fx's
111
Q

How deep does US penetrate the tissues?

A

4-8cm (deepest heat modality)

112
Q

What freq. does US use?

A

high, 0.7-1.1 (MHz) megacycles/sec

113
Q

What is the therapeutic range (settings) of US?

A

0.5-2.5 watts/sq cm

114
Q

What is the tx duration for US in acute, subacute, & chronic conditions?

A

Acute - 4 min (flexible)
Subacute - 6 min (flexible)
Chronic - 10 min (max, set in stone)

115
Q

Where in the body do the effects of US peak at?

A

Bone muscle interface

116
Q

Which is more superficial 1 megahertz or 3 megahertz?

A

3 megahertz

117
Q

This is done w/ US when a substance may be introduced into the tissues by incorporating cream, lotion, or gel as a coupling medium. Used to drive chemicals into the skin

A

Phonophoresis

118
Q

Type of waveform that is unidirectional, monophasic, continuous wave. Has strong polarity. DC

A

Low Volt galvanic

119
Q

Type of waveform that is unidirectional, monophasic, twin peaked pulsed wave. Used for pain control. Has polarity. DC

A

High volt galvanic

120
Q

Type of waveform that is bidirectional, biphasic, symmetrical wave. Used for muscle contraction. AC

A

Sine wave

121
Q

Type of waveform that is bidirectional, asymmetrical wave, biphasic. Used for muscle contractions. AC

A

Faradic

122
Q

Type of waveform that is 2 medium freq. crossing sine waves. Deepest penetrating, least resistant. Used fro pain control, edema reduction, muscle contraction

A

Interferential

123
Q

Soluble ionic salts are introduced into the body tissues by electrical means

A

Iontophoresis

124
Q

Minimum amount of stim. to cause contraction?

A

Rheobase

125
Q

Minimum amount of time to cause a contraction @ 2x the rheobase

A

Chronaxie

126
Q

What are the physiological effects of the positive pole of low volt galvanic?

A 
"Just Like Ice"
Acute pain relief
Vasoconstriction
Hardens tissue
Attracts oxygen
Repels hydrogen
Attracts acids
Repels bases
127
Q

What are the physiological effects of the negative pole of low volt galvanic?

A 
Chronic pain relief
Vasodilation
Softens tissue
Attracts hydrogen
Repels oxygen
Attracts bases 
Repels acids
128
Q

What are indications for LVG?

A 
Contusions
Sprains
Myositis
Fibrositis
Electrodiagnosis
Denervated muscle
129
Q

What is the intensity & duration used for LVG?

A

0.5-1.0 milliamp/sq in of active electrode for 5-20 mins every day

130
Q

The anatomical & electrical change that occurs in muscles & nerves following an injury which separates the muscle from its ant. horn cell

A

Reaction of degeneration

131
Q

This is used to measure muscle activity. A method of determining the extent of neuromuscular damage using an electrical device as the stimulus while recording the response on a graph

A

EMG (electromyograph)

132
Q

What is the name of the tx pad in LVG that is small enough for stimulation of a particualr area or muscle to be treated?

A

Active or Treating Pad

133
Q

What is the name of the tx pad in LVG that is large enough so as not to have a stimulating effect (diluting effect)?

A

DIspersive or Indifferent pad

134
Q

At what rate is HVG used to release enkephalins?

A

> 70 pulses/sec (High & fast)

135
Q

At what rate is HVG used to release endorphins?

A

1-10 pulses/sec (Low & slow)

136
Q

What are the physiological effects of HVG?

A

Pain control (opiate system)
Reduction of edema
Muscle spasm reduction
Muscle exercise

137
Q

What are indications for HVG?

A 
Musculoskeletal pain
Muscle spasms
Acute & subacute edema conditions
Muscle atrophy
Rehabilitate weaken muscle
138
Q

Where over the body is HVG contraindicated?

A

Over the heart, pacemakers

Low back & abdomen during pregnancy

139
Q

What are the physiological effects of TENS?

A 
Pain control
Stimulate A-beta fibers
Stimulate enkephilin/endorphin release
Blocks A-delta fibers
Blocks C fibers
140
Q

What are indications for TENS?

A

All types of pain except visceral

141
Q

What are contraindications for TENS?

A

Not used during pregnancy but OK to use at delivery

142
Q

What are the pad placements for TENS?

A 
Painful site
Dermatomal
Peripheral nerve
Trigger point
Motor point
Acupuncture point
Contralateral - developed for phantom limb pain
143
Q

What are the physiological effects of IF?

A

Muscle contraction
Edema reduction
Pain control

144
Q

What are indications for IF?

A

Acute injuries
Swelling
Muscle spasms
Muscle atrophy

145
Q

This is constant changing of the treating freq equals decreased accommodation

A

Modulation

146
Q

What is the base or carrier freq. used for IF?

A

2,000-10,000 Hz

147
Q

What is the beat or treating freq. used for IF?

A

1-2,000 Hz

148
Q

What are the indications for microcurrent?

A

musculoskeletal injuries

149
Q

What are cold lasers used for?

A

Decrease inflammation

Decrease pain

150
Q

The transfer of heat by a solid substance i.e. hydrocollator pack or paraffin.

A

Conduction

PT Board Review (2 decks)

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