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NEUR3005 > Tutorial Notes > Flashcards

Tutorial Notes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the meeting point for the straight sinus and transverse sinus

A

confluence of sinuses

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2
Q

What does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into

A

straight sinus

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3
Q

what cells produce CSF

A

ependymal cells in the choroid plexus

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4
Q

what developmental structure did ventricles come from

A

neural tube

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5
Q

What brain areas does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

frontal and some of partietal lobe

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6
Q

what brain areas does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

a portion of the frontal lobe, temporal and parietal lobe

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7
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

occipital lobe, and some of the temporal lobe

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8
Q

what is the primary olfactory cortex

A

anterior perforated substance, piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, uncus

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9
Q

where does the primary olfactory cortex project to

A

amygdala, thalamus and hypothalamus.

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10
Q

describe the olfactory pathway

A

bipolar receptors –> olfactor tract:

MEDIAL OLFACTORY STRIA:
–> anterior olfactory nucleus –> septal nuclei or olfactory cortex (either side) or anterior commisure –> other olfactory bulb

LATERAL OLFACTORY STRIA

  • -> olfactory tubercle –> MDT —> OFC + insula
  • -> olfactory cortex
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11
Q

Describe the 3 gustatory pathways

A
  1. CN –> NTS –> parabrachial region –> VPM thalamus –> insula
  2. CN –> NTS –> reticular formation
  3. CN –> NTS –> parabrachial region —> hypotlamaus OR amygdala –> thalamus
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12
Q

What are the 3 CN’s that carry gustatory information

A

Vagus, glossophrangeal, facial

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13
Q

Describe the pathway for audition

A

cochlear –> cochlear nuclei:
–> trapezoid body –> contralateral olive
OR
–> ipsilateral olive –> lateral lemniscus –> IC –> brachiam of the interior colliculus –> MGN —> primary auditory cortex.

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14
Q

What are the areas of the primary and secondary auditory cortex

A

primary = transverse gyrus of heschel, secondary = planum temporale

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15
Q

Describe the conscious visual pathway

A

retina –> LGN –> optic radiations –> V1

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16
Q

where is V1

A

banks of calcarine sulcus - band of genari

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17
Q

what are the 4 targets from the retina involved in unconscious vision

A
  1. SC
  2. suprachiasmic nucleus
  3. pulvinar
  4. pretecteal nculeus
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18
Q

what does the posterior spinocerebellar tract carry

A

proprioceptive information from T1-L2 from Clarke’s nucleus

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19
Q

what is the function of the abducens nucleus

A

contains cell bodies of contralateral rectus and extraocular muscles

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20
Q

what is the function of the nucleus ambigous

A

contains cell bodies that innervate the muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx and heart.

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21
Q

what is the function of the mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal

A

proprioceptive information from the head

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22
Q

what are the internal arcuate fibers

A

they are fibres crossing from the cuneate and gracile fasciculus to the contralateral medial lemniscus.

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23
Q

what information does the rubrospinal tract contain

A

voluntary movement of the upper limb in primates and cats. but function in humans has been replaced by CST.

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24
Q

what information does the reticulospinal tracts contain

A

subconscious motor

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25
Q

what information does the tectospinal tract contain

A

reflexive responding to novel stimuli, maintaining activity in antigravity muscles.

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26
Q

what does the cauda equina contain

A

axons of lower motor neuron which contain proprioceptive information.

27
Q

describe the path of the CST

A

M1+S1 –> corona radiata –> posterior limb of internal capsuale –> cerebral peduncle –> ventral pons –> myramid of medulla:
–> 85% deccusate (Lateral CST) –> ventral horn of SC
OR
–> 15% dont deccusate (Anterior CST) –> SC where they deccusate ate correspnding level –> VH

28
Q

What is the relationship fo the sensory decussation to the motor decussation

A

the sensory deccuation is above the motor decussation

29
Q

If lower or upper motor neurons were to lesion, what kind of paralysis would you get for each and why

A 
lower = flaccid paralysis = no input to msucle
upper = spastic paralysis - since upper motor neuron has inhibitory function on lower motor neuron, therefore without the inhibition you get random firing.
30
Q

function of stria medullaris thalami

A

carries fibres from the septal nuclei and preoptic area to the habenula

31
Q

function of pineal gland

A

endocrine gland which secretes a hormone melatonin - synchronisation of circadian rhythms

32
Q

function of suprachiasmic nucleus

A

biological clock

33
Q

the striatum is made up of the __ & ___

A

caudate and putamen

34
Q

the lentiform nucleus is made up fo the ___ & ____

A

putamen and globus pallidus

35
Q

the band of white matter separating the GP and the putamen is the

A

lateral medullary lamina

36
Q

what is the medial medullary lamina

A

separates GPi and GPe

37
Q

what is the internal medullary lamina

A

Y-shaped strip of white matter

38
Q

what is the name of the 1st and 10th folia on the cerebellum

A

lingula and nodulus

39
Q

what structures does the dorsolateral fissure of the cerebellum separate?

A

posterior lobe from the flocularnodular lobe

40
Q

what is the vermis + paravemral region called collectively and what is it involved in?

A

spinocerebellum - controlling gait and posutre

41
Q

what is the flocculus and nodulus called collectively and what is it involved in?

A

vestibulocerebellum - balance

42
Q

where fo SNPC neurons project to and what do they do

A

caudate nucleus and putamen –> modulation of basal ganglia

43
Q

What are the special cells in the lamina terminals called and what is their function?

A

lamina terminalis contains specialized neurons which lack a BBB. These are OVLT neurons, which samples the hypotonicity fo the blood, which is indicative of dehydration. The OVLT neuron then activate the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus and motivates us to seek water.

44
Q

what is the preoptic area involved in?

A

temperature regulation and sexual behavior

45
Q

What is the role of the arcuate nucleus

A

lacks BBB - detects falling levels of blood insulin. activates LHN and activates cortex to initiate search for food.

46
Q

how is the amygdala connected to the hypothalamus

A

via stria terminals

47
Q

where do amygdala projections terminate in the thalamus

A

MD

48
Q

what is the role of the PAG in threat

A

generates passive and active emtional repsones depending on the nature of the threat

49
Q

role of tectum

A

contains I and S colliculus–> involved in reflexive response to novel auditory and visual stimuli respectively

50
Q

what are the efferents of the amydgala?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • S1
  • PAG
  • orbitofrontal + cingulate cortex
  • thalamus (DM)
  • visual cortices
  • association areas
51
Q

what are the afferents of the amydgala ?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • PAG
  • orbitofrontal + cingulate cortex
  • thalamus
  • parabrachial nuclsy
  • NTS
  • olfactory bulb
52
Q

role of ocular motor nerve

A

innervates medial, inferior, superior recti, inferior oblique. also contain parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus which controls pupillary reflex

53
Q

function of trigeminal nerve

A

carries somatosensory afferents from the head to face, also carries efferent to muscles of mastication

54
Q

what is the narrow band of cortex called connecting the parahippocampal gyrus with the cingulate gyrus

A

isthmus

55
Q

Describe papez’s circuit

A

–> hippocampus –> via fornix –> mamillary bodies –> anterior nucleus of th ehypothalamus –> via internal capcusle –> cingulae cortex –> gingulum –> entorhinal cortex –> subuiculujm –> hippocampus

56
Q

describe the hippocampus to fornix transition

A

alveus –> fibria –> Crus –> body -> colums

57
Q

Major functions of vagus nerve

A
  • parasympathetic innocation thoracic or abdominal viscera
    visceral sensation fibre from thoracic and abdormal viscra and some state fibres from epiglotis
    innovate brachial arch msucle of larnx and pharynx
58
Q

major function of the nucleus ambiguous

A

innovates soft palate, pharynx and larynx

59
Q

brain regions supplied by the anterior artery (more specific)

A
  • gyrus rectus
  • medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes
  • narrow band of cortex along their superior surfaces
60
Q

function of SC

A
  • saccades, head and eye orientation, reflex towards novel stimuli
61
Q

what fibers does the middle cerebellar peduncle contain

A

contralateral fibres from the pontine nuclei to the lateral cerebellar hemisphere.

62
Q

what does the lateral horn contain?

A

preganglionic neuron of the SNS

63
Q

what fibers resign in the anterior CST

A

descending pathway that controls voluntary movement of proximal muscles of the trunk and shoulder

64
Q

what are the major projection targets of the GPi

A

VA and VL thalamus

NEUR3005 (3 decks)

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