Tutorial Notes Flashcards
what is the meeting point for the straight sinus and transverse sinus
confluence of sinuses
What does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into
straight sinus
what cells produce CSF
ependymal cells in the choroid plexus
what developmental structure did ventricles come from
neural tube
What brain areas does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
frontal and some of partietal lobe
what brain areas does the middle cerebral artery supply
a portion of the frontal lobe, temporal and parietal lobe
What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
occipital lobe, and some of the temporal lobe
what is the primary olfactory cortex
anterior perforated substance, piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, uncus
where does the primary olfactory cortex project to
amygdala, thalamus and hypothalamus.
describe the olfactory pathway
bipolar receptors –> olfactor tract:
MEDIAL OLFACTORY STRIA:
–> anterior olfactory nucleus –> septal nuclei or olfactory cortex (either side) or anterior commisure –> other olfactory bulb
LATERAL OLFACTORY STRIA
- -> olfactory tubercle –> MDT —> OFC + insula
- -> olfactory cortex
Describe the 3 gustatory pathways
- CN –> NTS –> parabrachial region –> VPM thalamus –> insula
- CN –> NTS –> reticular formation
- CN –> NTS –> parabrachial region —> hypotlamaus OR amygdala –> thalamus
What are the 3 CN’s that carry gustatory information
Vagus, glossophrangeal, facial
Describe the pathway for audition
cochlear –> cochlear nuclei:
–> trapezoid body –> contralateral olive
OR
–> ipsilateral olive –> lateral lemniscus –> IC –> brachiam of the interior colliculus –> MGN —> primary auditory cortex.
What are the areas of the primary and secondary auditory cortex
primary = transverse gyrus of heschel, secondary = planum temporale
Describe the conscious visual pathway
retina –> LGN –> optic radiations –> V1
where is V1
banks of calcarine sulcus - band of genari
what are the 4 targets from the retina involved in unconscious vision
- SC
- suprachiasmic nucleus
- pulvinar
- pretecteal nculeus
what does the posterior spinocerebellar tract carry
proprioceptive information from T1-L2 from Clarke’s nucleus
what is the function of the abducens nucleus
contains cell bodies of contralateral rectus and extraocular muscles
what is the function of the nucleus ambigous
contains cell bodies that innervate the muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx and heart.
what is the function of the mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal
proprioceptive information from the head
what are the internal arcuate fibers
they are fibres crossing from the cuneate and gracile fasciculus to the contralateral medial lemniscus.
what information does the rubrospinal tract contain
voluntary movement of the upper limb in primates and cats. but function in humans has been replaced by CST.
what information does the reticulospinal tracts contain
subconscious motor
what information does the tectospinal tract contain
reflexive responding to novel stimuli, maintaining activity in antigravity muscles.
what does the cauda equina contain
axons of lower motor neuron which contain proprioceptive information.
describe the path of the CST
M1+S1 –> corona radiata –> posterior limb of internal capsuale –> cerebral peduncle –> ventral pons –> myramid of medulla:
–> 85% deccusate (Lateral CST) –> ventral horn of SC
OR
–> 15% dont deccusate (Anterior CST) –> SC where they deccusate ate correspnding level –> VH
What is the relationship fo the sensory decussation to the motor decussation
the sensory deccuation is above the motor decussation
If lower or upper motor neurons were to lesion, what kind of paralysis would you get for each and why
lower = flaccid paralysis = no input to msucle upper = spastic paralysis - since upper motor neuron has inhibitory function on lower motor neuron, therefore without the inhibition you get random firing.
function of stria medullaris thalami
carries fibres from the septal nuclei and preoptic area to the habenula
function of pineal gland
endocrine gland which secretes a hormone melatonin - synchronisation of circadian rhythms
function of suprachiasmic nucleus
biological clock
the striatum is made up of the __ & ___
caudate and putamen
the lentiform nucleus is made up fo the ___ & ____
putamen and globus pallidus
the band of white matter separating the GP and the putamen is the
lateral medullary lamina
what is the medial medullary lamina
separates GPi and GPe
what is the internal medullary lamina
Y-shaped strip of white matter
what is the name of the 1st and 10th folia on the cerebellum
lingula and nodulus
what structures does the dorsolateral fissure of the cerebellum separate?
posterior lobe from the flocularnodular lobe
what is the vermis + paravemral region called collectively and what is it involved in?
spinocerebellum - controlling gait and posutre
what is the flocculus and nodulus called collectively and what is it involved in?
vestibulocerebellum - balance
where fo SNPC neurons project to and what do they do
caudate nucleus and putamen –> modulation of basal ganglia
What are the special cells in the lamina terminals called and what is their function?
lamina terminalis contains specialized neurons which lack a BBB. These are OVLT neurons, which samples the hypotonicity fo the blood, which is indicative of dehydration. The OVLT neuron then activate the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus and motivates us to seek water.
what is the preoptic area involved in?
temperature regulation and sexual behavior
What is the role of the arcuate nucleus
lacks BBB - detects falling levels of blood insulin. activates LHN and activates cortex to initiate search for food.
how is the amygdala connected to the hypothalamus
via stria terminals
where do amygdala projections terminate in the thalamus
MD
what is the role of the PAG in threat
generates passive and active emtional repsones depending on the nature of the threat
role of tectum
contains I and S colliculus–> involved in reflexive response to novel auditory and visual stimuli respectively
what are the efferents of the amydgala?
- hypothalamus
- S1
- PAG
- orbitofrontal + cingulate cortex
- thalamus (DM)
- visual cortices
- association areas
what are the afferents of the amydgala ?
- hypothalamus
- PAG
- orbitofrontal + cingulate cortex
- thalamus
- parabrachial nuclsy
- NTS
- olfactory bulb
role of ocular motor nerve
innervates medial, inferior, superior recti, inferior oblique. also contain parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus which controls pupillary reflex
function of trigeminal nerve
carries somatosensory afferents from the head to face, also carries efferent to muscles of mastication
what is the narrow band of cortex called connecting the parahippocampal gyrus with the cingulate gyrus
isthmus
Describe papez’s circuit
–> hippocampus –> via fornix –> mamillary bodies –> anterior nucleus of th ehypothalamus –> via internal capcusle –> cingulae cortex –> gingulum –> entorhinal cortex –> subuiculujm –> hippocampus
describe the hippocampus to fornix transition
alveus –> fibria –> Crus –> body -> colums
Major functions of vagus nerve
- parasympathetic innocation thoracic or abdominal viscera
visceral sensation fibre from thoracic and abdormal viscra and some state fibres from epiglotis
innovate brachial arch msucle of larnx and pharynx
major function of the nucleus ambiguous
innovates soft palate, pharynx and larynx
brain regions supplied by the anterior artery (more specific)
- gyrus rectus
- medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes
- narrow band of cortex along their superior surfaces
function of SC
- saccades, head and eye orientation, reflex towards novel stimuli
what fibers does the middle cerebellar peduncle contain
contralateral fibres from the pontine nuclei to the lateral cerebellar hemisphere.
what does the lateral horn contain?
preganglionic neuron of the SNS
what fibers resign in the anterior CST
descending pathway that controls voluntary movement of proximal muscles of the trunk and shoulder
what are the major projection targets of the GPi
VA and VL thalamus
