Tutorial 4 Flashcards
Chapter 2
cognitive pillar
The internalized, taken-for- granted values and beliefs that guide individual and firm behaviour
Chapter 2
normative pillar
The mechanism through which norms influence individual and firm behaviour.
Chapter 2
regulatory pillar
The coercive power of governments
Chapter 2
Institution based view: Proposition 1
Managers and firms rationally pursue their interests and make choices within the formal and informal constraints in a given institutional framework.
Chapter 2
Institution based view: Proposition 2
Although formal and informal institutions combine to govern firm behaviour, in situations where formal constraints are unclear or fail, informal constraints will play a larger role in reducing uncertainty and providing constancy to managers and firms.
Chapter 2
proportional representation
Election system that allocates seats in parliament in proportion to the votes received by each party (usually subject to minimum threshold).
Chapter 2
first-past-the-post system
Election system by which in each constituency the candidate with the relative majority of votes gets the seat.
Chapter 2
Authoritarianism
A political system in which power is concentrated in the hands of one person or a small elite
Chapter 2
lobbying
Making your views known to decision makers with the aim to influence political processes.
Chapter 2
corruption
The abuse of public power for private benefits
Chapter 2
Non-market strategy
Political and social activities aimed at influencing the rules set in their host countries.
Chapter 2
varieties of capitalism
A scholarly view suggesting that economies have different inherent logics
on how markets and other mechanisms coordinate economic activity
Chapter 2
liberal market economy (LME)
A system of coordination primarily through market signals.
Chapter 2
coordinated market economy (CME)
A system of coordinating through a variety of other means in addition to market signals.
Chapter 2
apprenticeship system
Vocational training system for crafts and professions.
Chapter 2
civil law
A legal tradition that uses comprehensive statutes and codes as a primary means to form legal judgments.
Chapter 2
common law
A legal tradition that is shaped by precedents and traditions from previous judicial decisions.
Chapter 2
case law
Rules of law that have been created by precedents of cases in court.
Chapter 2
property rights
The legal rights to use
an economic property (resource) and to derive income and benefits from it.
Chapter 2
intellectual property rights (IPRs)
Rights associated with the ownership of intellectual property.
Chapter 2
patents
Legal rights awarded by government authorities
to inventors of new technological ideas, who are given exclusive (monopoly) rights to derive income from such inventions.
Chapter 2
copyrights
Exclusive legal rights of authors and publishers to publish and disseminate their work.
Chapter 2
trademark
Exclusive legal rights of firms to use specific names, brands and designs to differentiate their products from others.
Chapter 2
corporate governance
rules by which shareholders and other interested parties control corporate decision-makers
Chapter 3
expatriate assignments
A temporary job abroad with a multinational company.
Chapter 3
informal instituations
Rules that are not formalized but exist in, for example, norms, values and ethics
Chapter 3
artefacts of culture
Physical objects that represent the visible surface of culture.
Chapter 3
power distance
The extent to which less powerful members within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally
Chapter 3
individualism
The perspective that the identity of an individual is fundamentally their own
Chapter 3
collectivism
The idea that the identity of an individual is primarily based on the identity of their collective group.
Chapter 3
in-group
Individuals and firms regarded as part of ‘us’
Chapter 3
out group
Individuals and firms not regarded as part of ‘us
Chapter 3
masculinity
Values traditionally associated with male role, such as assertive, decisive and aggressive.
Chapter 3
femininity
Values traditionally associated with female role, such as compassion, care and quality of life.
Chapter 3
uncertainity avoidance
The extent to which members in different cultures accept ambiguous situations and tolerate uncertainty
Chapter 3
long-term orientation
A perspective that emphasizes perseverance and savings for future betterment
Chapter 3
secular societies
Societies where religion does not dominate public life.
Chapter 3
corporate language
The language used for communications between entities of the same MNE in different countries
Chapter 3
lingua franca
The dominance of one language as a global business language
Chapter 3
subculture
Groups within a nation sharing a culture that substantially varies from the national average.
Chapter 3
cultural convergence
Hypothesis that cultures are becoming more similar
Chapter 3
cultural divergence
Hypothesis that cultures are becoming less similar
Chapter 3
organizational culture
Culture shared by people working in the organization
Chapter 3
cultural tightness-loosness
The strength of social norms and the degree of sanctioning within societies
Chapter 3
cultural cluster
Countries that share similar cultures
Chapter 3
cultural distance
The difference between two cultures along some dimensions of value or subjective affinity.
Chapter 3
institutional distance
The extent of similarity or dissimilarity between the regulatory, normative and cognitive institutions of two countries
Chapter 3
ethical relativism
A perspective that suggests that all ethical standards are relative
Chapter 3
ethical imperalism
The absolute belief that ‘there is only one set of Ethics (with the capital E), and we have it’
Chapter 3
code of conduct
Written policies and standards for corporate conduct and ethics
