Tutorial 3 Flashcards
What are the concepts of prevention (particularly immunisation), secondary prevention, screening and tertiary prevention?
Primary prevention: measures taken to prevent onset of illness or injury (reduces probability and/or severity of illness or injury)
Secondary prevention: detection of a disease at an early (preclinical) stage in order to cure, prevent or lessen symptomatology
Screening: a way of finding out if people are at higher risk of a health problem so that early treatment can be offered or information given to help them make informed decisions
Tertiary prevention: measures to limit distress or disability caused by disease
What are some aspects of the evaluation of preventative interventions? Eg MMR vaccination, breast and/or cervical screening
Interventions are usually measured via effectiveness, usefulness and the quality of the scientific evidence
How can the cycle of change be helpful in understanding and promoting change at a personal level?
Cycle of change: contemplation > contemplation > action
May lead to regression and so restarts cycle or maintenance > maintaining healthy lifestyle
May be helpful in identifying when someone is ready to change behaviour
Types of behaviour would be at a personal level eg smoking, alcohol, exercise, diet
What is Wilson’s Criteria for Screening?
Illness must be: important, natural history understood, have a pre symptomatic stage
Test must be: easy, acceptable, cost effective, sensitive and specific
Treatment must be: acceptable, cost effective, better if early TM
What are the definitions of: health promotion, health education and health protection?
Health promotion is an overarching principle/activity which enhances health and includes disease prevention, health education and health protection. It may be planned or opportunistic.
Health education is an activity involving communication with individuals or groups aimed at changing knowledge, beliefs, atiudss and behaviour in a direction which is conducive to improvements in health.
Health protection involves collective activities directed at factors which are beyond the control of the individual. Health protection activities tend to be regulations or policies, or voluntary codes of practice aimed at the prevention of ill health or the positive enhancement of well-being.
What is the range of approaches to health promotion and what is the best way to achieve high levels of health for the practice and society?
Educational - providing knowledge and education to enable necessary skills to make informed choices re health.
Socioeconomic - make the healthy choices the easy choices. Government/national policies
Psychological - relationship between behaviour, knowledge, attitude and belief. Emphasis on individual and readiness to change.
Why has health promotion become a component of NHS provision?
Financial pressure on NHS service - cheaper than treating patients when it goes wrong
What challenges are there in assessing the quality and outcomes of health promotion?
They have long term outcomes which are difficult to evaluate and significant confounding factors
What are the pros and cons of health promotion?
Pros - government is able to tax, regulate, National school curriculum, BBC allows for effective programs to be run, allows for prevention of disease before requiring treatment
Cons - may not be cost effective, may be those who are “worried well” that end up medicalised not those who are meant to be the target eg deprived, difficult to assess impact
How do age changes, environment, lifestyle and disease interplay?
Age changes are usually normal however good to consider what is abnormal for their age eg milestones, environment may prevent them from doing things eg food desert, or predispose to certain risk factors for disease, lifestyle is the same eg die, exercise, weight and disease determines if they are likely to get it or not
All interplay in the way that they determine if someone is vulnerable to getting a disease or not.
How is lifelong health affected by early life?
Early life may establish a healthy lifestyle (growth and development fuelled by food)
Habits and lifestyles established in adolescence, effect of parental habits eg smoking, and neglect and abuse recur therefore role of parenting in childhood is important
How may children present in primary care?
May present with: Feeding problems (new babies especially) pyrexia URTI, coughs/colds rashes otalgia sore throat vomiting +/- diarrhoea abdominal pains behavioural problems
What are the modern health promotion issues in children?
Issues such as social media, being sedentary (eg cost of exercise, time restraints, transport to and from places, generational change in attitude), screen time, mental health, diet, sleep (ties in with screen time), social issues (eg single parent homes, broken homes)
What is empowerment?
The generation of power in those individuals and groups which previously considered themselves to be unable to control situations nor act on the basis of their choices
Benefits: ability to resist social pressure, utilise effective coping strategies and a heightened consciousness of action
What are some examples of health promotion?
Primary care:
Planned eg screening, clinics, vaccinations
Opportunistic eg advice within consult, taking BP etc
Government:
Legislation eg legal age limits, smoking bans
Economic eg sugar tax
Education eg advertisements
