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YEAR 2 HUMAN BIOCHEMISTRY > Tutorial 2 > Flashcards

Tutorial 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Overall Glycolysis produces 4 ATP molecules. However, what is the net product of ATP?
    a. 2
    b. 7
    c. 4
    d. 8
A

a. 2

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2
Q
  1. The breakdown of 1 Glucose results in 2 molecules for what reason?

a. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cleaved into 2 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the enzyme Aldolase.

b. Phosphoenolpyruvate has 6 carbons, so produces the 2 molecules of the 3 carbon Pyruvate via the Pyruvate kinase complex.

c. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

d. The statement is false, Glucose produces only a single pyruvate.

A

c. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

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3
Q
  1. What is a mutase enzyme?

a. It adds a phosphate group to the substrate.

b. They convert the substrate from one particular isomer to another.

c. Convert GTP to GDP in order to go some form of work within the cell.

d. Catalyses the migration of a functional group within a substrate.

A

d. Catalyses the migration of a functional group within a substrate.

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4
Q
  1. The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex is affected by 2 additional enzymes.
    What are those enzymes?

a. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

b. Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase

c. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

d. Pyruvate dehydrogenase transacetylase

A

a. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

b. Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase

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5
Q
  1. The Krebs Cycle contains a number of oxidation reduction reactions, reducing 2 different proton acceptors. What is the output of the cycle in this regard?

a. 2 NADH and 2 FADH2
b. 3 FADH2 and 1 NADH
c. 3 NADH and 1 FADH2
d. 4 FADH2 and 0 NADH

A

c. 3 NADH and 1 FADH2

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6
Q
  1. Citrate is isomerised into Isocitrate by the enzyme Aconitase. Why does the enzyme have this name?

a. Citrate and Isocitrate are a class of carbohydrate called Aconitoses.

b. The intermediate between Citrate and Isocitrate is thought to be Aconitate.

c. Isocitrate is also called Aconitate.

d. This is a specific isomerisation reaction, often referred to as Aconisomerisation due to the movement of the functional groups involved.

A

b. The intermediate between Citrate and Isocitrate is thought to be Aconitate.

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7
Q
  1. A urea cycle product can join the Kreb’s Cycle. Which is it?

a. Succinyl-CoA
b. Malate
c. Fumarate
d. Isocitrate

A

c. Fumarate

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8
Q
  1. Complex 2 allows how many Hydrogens to pass to the intermembrane space?

a. 4
b. 2
c. 1
d. 0

A

d. 0

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9
Q
  1. Complex 2 of the Electron Transport chain is also an enzyme used in the TCA cycle. Which enzyme is it?

a. Succinate dehydrogenase
b. Lactate dehydrogenase
c. Malate dehydrogenase
d. Fumarase

A

a. Succinate dehydrogenase

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10
Q
  1. What is the role of the Fe-S clusters within complex of the electron transport chain?

a. To pump protons.

b. To transfer electrons.

c. To hold together the enzyme tertiary structure by a disulphide bridge.

d. They are needed to bind the enzyme complex to the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A

b. To transfer electrons.

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11
Q
  1. In ATP Synthase (Complex 5) every 4 protons pumped through results in how many ATP?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

A

a. 1

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12
Q
  1. Gluconeogenesis can produce Glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, including amino acids. Which of these is not Glucogenic?

a. Serine
b. Tyrosine
c. Tryptophan
d. Leucine

A

d. Leucine

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13
Q
  1. Oxaloacetate is converted to Malate as part of Gluconeogenesis. Why?

a. Malate can cross the Mitochondrial membrane.

b. Malate is more stable than Oxaloacetate, meaning less energy is required for the rest of the pathway.

c. Malate has the correct number of carbons, 6, to become Glucose.

d. Oxaloacetate is phosphorylated, and Malate is not.

A

a. Malate can cross the Mitochondrial membrane.

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14
Q
  1. Which of these statements regarding Gluconeogenesis is NOT true.

a. Gluconeogenesis cannot occur in the muscle. Thus, lactate is transported to the liver as part of the Cori Cycle.

b. Gluconeogenesis can occur in all tissues, as they all contain specific isomers of Glucose 6-phosphatase.

c. Only the liver and the kidney contribute to the blood glucose pool, as they have Glucose 6-phosphatase.

d. Glycerol enters Gluconeogenesis as Dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

A

b. Gluconeogenesis can occur in all tissues, as they all contain specific isomers of Glucose 6-phosphatase.

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15
Q
  1. Energy provided for Glycogen production is provided by which triphosphate molecules?

a. ATP and GTP
b. 2 ATP
c. ATP and UTP
d. UTP and GTP

A

c. ATP and UTP

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16
Q
  1. Glycogenin is the protein at the core of Glycogen. It has two enzymatic functions. What are these functions?

a. Glycogen initiator synthase

b. Nucleoside diphosphokinase

c. amylo ⍺(1:4) → ⍺(1:6) transglycosylase

d. Glucosyltransferase

A

a. Glycogen initiator synthase

d. Glucosyltransferase

17
Q
  1. What is a saturated fatty acid?

a. There are no double bonds within the hydrocarbon chain.

b. There are only double bonds within the hydrocarbon chain.

c. The fatty acid contains more than one oxygen molecule within the carbon chain.

d. The fatty acid is bound to glycerol, and at this point it is said to be saturated.

A

a. There are no double bonds within the hydrocarbon chain.

18
Q
  1. Glycerol has 3 possible fates in metabolism. One of those is to end up in a VLDL. What are the other two?

a. Pyruvate
b. Acetone
c. Acetoacetate
d. Glucose

A

a. Pyruvate

d. Glucose

19
Q
  1. Why are Free Fatty Acids toxic to cells?

a. They are amphipathic.
b. They are only hydrophilic.
c. They are only hydrophobic.
d. They are hydrogen acceptors and would disrupt the concentration set up for oxidative phosphorylation.

A

a. They are amphipathic.

20
Q
  1. What is the correct order of events for the Carnitine Shuttle?
A

c. CPT-1 –> Translocase –> CPT-2

21
Q
  1. 1 Acetyl-CoA generates how much ATP in the Citrate Cycle (including from GTP)

a. 3
b. 10
c. 12
d. 4

A

c. 12

22
Q
  1. The Km constant tells us what about an enzyme?

a. The substrate concentration at which the reaction velocity is half its maximum.

b. The enzyme concentration at which the reaction velocity is half its maximum.

c. It tells us whether the reaction is zero order or first order.

d. It tells us that the enzyme is in a steady state.

A

a. The substrate concentration at which the reaction velocity is half its maximum.

23
Q
  1. Allosteric inhibition involves:

a. A covalent modification to one of the amino acids within the enzyme.

b. A compound binding to an alternate site on the enzyme, changing its conformation.

c. Increasing the Km depending on the interaction.

d. The inhibitor binding to the active site of the enzyme so the substrate cannot.

A

b. A compound binding to an alternate site on the enzyme, changing its conformation.

c. Increasing the Km depending on the interaction.

24
Q
  1. Select all the peptide hormones.

a. Adrenaline
b. Testosterone
c. Insulin
d. Thyroxine

A

c. Insulin

25
Q
  1. The carbon in urea comes from carbon dioxide.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

26
Q
  1. Initially in a starved state, the breakdown of which of these components occurs most rapidly?

a. Lipids
b. Amino Acids
c. Triacylglycerols
d. Glycogen

A

d. Glycogen

27
Q
  1. Variant PKU is a defect in which enzyme?

a. Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
b. Lactate Dehydrogenase
c. Dihydrobiopterin reductase
d. Homogentisic acid oxidase

A

c. Dihydrobiopterin reductase

28
Q
  1. According to Levinthal’s Calculations, an 100 amino acid protein could take how long to correctly align if done randomly?

a. 10 milliseconds
b. 1 week
c. 1.6x10^27 seconds
d. 1.6x10^27 years

A

d. 1.6x10^27 years

29
Q
  1. The Urea Cycle and the Krebs Cycle are interlinked through which intermediate?

a. Argininosuccinate
b. Succinate
c. Citrate
d. Citruline

A

a. Argininosuccinate

30
Q
  1. In what organ system does the Urea Cycle take place?

a. Kidney
b. Stomach
c. Intestine
d. Liver

A

d. Liver

YEAR 2 HUMAN BIOCHEMISTRY (12 decks)

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