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YEAR 2 HUMAN BIOCHEMISTRY > Innate immune system > Flashcards

Innate immune system Flashcards

1
Q

The Immune System: The Myeloid Lineage

What type of cells Erythrocytes and Megakaryocytes? and what are their functions?

A
  • Red blood cells and the giant cells which produce platelets
  • Produced from the Megakaryocyte and Erythroid progenitor
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2
Q

The Immune System: The Myeloid Lineage

What type of cells Monocytes and Macrophages? and what are their functions?

A
  • A ‘jack of all trades’ cell
  • Phagocytosis and Antigen presentation
  • Produced from the Monocyte progenitoor
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3
Q

The Immune System: The Myeloid Lineage

What are 3 key features of Granulocytes?

A
  • Contain specific cytotoxic granules for pathogen killing
  • They each have different specialities
  • Produced from the Granulocyte progenitor cell
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4
Q

Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor family (GM-CSF):

What are the 3 members of the GM-CSF?

A
  1. GM-CSF
  2. M-CSF
    3.G-CSF
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5
Q

Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor family (GM-CSF):

What is GM-CSF secreted as?

A
  • A monomeric glycoprotein
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6
Q

Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor family (GM-CSF):

What is the GM-CSF receptor of a hetriodimer made up of? And what one is the signal transducer?

A
  • an α and a β chain
  • the β-chain being the signal transducer
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7
Q

Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor family (GM-CSF):

GM-CSF:
- Explain the affinity both the ⍺ and the β chain have
- What can the β-chain combine with?

A
  • Both the ⍺ and the β chain have low affinity for GM-CSF alone
  • But together they have a high affinity
  • The β-chain can combine with the α-chain of the IL-3 and IL-5 receptors
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8
Q

Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor family (GM-CSF):

What does M-CSF exist in? and what are the 3 examples?

A
  • Exists in 3 biologically active dimers:
    1. soluble
    2. cell-associated
    3. extracellular matrix anchored
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9
Q

Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor family (GM-CSF):

What is the M-CSF receptor? and give 2 key features.

A

Receptor is a homodimer:

  • with the extracellular domain having Ig-like domains
  • The intracellular domain has an ITAM.
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10
Q

Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor family (GM-CSF):

How is G-CSF secreted?
And what type of receptor is it?

A
  • Secreted as a monomeric glycoprotein
  • The receptor is a single transmembrane protein that forms a homodimer when G-CSF binds
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11
Q

Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor family (GM-CSF):

What does the GM-CSF receptor complex comprise of?

A
  • The GM-CSF/GM-CSF receptor complex comprises a hexamer:
  • composed of two binary complexes of GMCSF and GMR⍺ bound to a single βc homodimer
  • The βc homodimer forms an arch connecting one GM-CSF/GMR⍺ binary complex to a second identical complex
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12
Q

Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor family (GM-CSF):

What does the assembly of the active GM-CSF receptor complex initiate?

A
  • Initiates signalling through JAK2 transphosphorylation
  • An event triggered following dodecamer complex formation
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13
Q

Development of the Phagosome:

What are the key steps of the Development of the Phagosome?

A
  1. Bacteria is engulfed
  2. Early endosome= A
  3. Late endosome= B
  4. Lysosome= C
  5. Phagolysosome is developed
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14
Q

Bacterial killing by the Neutrophil and the Macrophage:

What are the 2 pathways used for this process?

A
  1. Net formation
  2. phagocytosis
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15
Q

Basophils and Allergic Reactions:

What are the 2 typical stimuli that activate basophils?

A
  1. IgE dependent activation
  2. IgE independent activation
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16
Q

What are neutrophils?

A
  • A type of white blood cell (leukocytes) that act as your immune system’s first line of defense.

-Three types of white blood cells: granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes.

  • Neutrophils are a subset of granulocytes, along with eosinophils and basophils cells
17
Q

What are eosinophils?

A
  • One of several white blood cells that support your immune system.
  • They’re part of your body’s defense system against allergens
  • Help protect your body from fungal and parasitic infections.
  • Certain medical conditions and medications can cause high eosinophil counts
18
Q

What are basophils?

A
  • Type of white blood cell that works closely with your immune system
  • Defends body from allergens, pathogens and parasites.
  • Basophils release enzymes to improve blood flow and prevent blood clots
19
Q
  1. The cells of the immune system can be divided into two groups. Select both groups from the options below.
    a. Lymphocytes
    b. Myelocytes
    c. Neurones
    d. Epithelial
A

a. Lymphocytes
b. Myelocytes

20
Q
  1. MHC-I and MHC-II differ in the length of the polypeptides they can present. MHC-II presents what length polypeptides?
    a. 8-10 amino acids
    b. 5 amino acids
    c. 50 amino acids
    d. Any length
A

d. Any length

21
Q
  1. Which of these is not an antibody subtype?
    a. IgM
    b. IgG
    c. IgF
    d. IgA
A

c. IgF

22
Q
  1. Which of these thymocytes undergo positive selection within the thymus?
    a. CD4+CD8-
    b. CD4-CD8+
    c. CD4-CD8-
    d. CD4+CD8+
A

d. CD4+CD8+

23
Q
  1. The germinal centre reaction for B-cell development takes place where?
    a. Bone marrow
    b. Thymus
    c. Liver
    d. Secondary lymphoid tissues
A

d. Secondary lymphoid tissues

24
Q
  1. CD8+ T-cells cause cell death, but this is reliant of the activation of what family of enzymes within the target cell?
    a. Kinases
    b. Lipases
    c. Caspases
    d. Reductases
A

c. Caspases

25
Q
  1. The Instructive theory of antibody production suggested what?
    a. Antibodies are formed by folding around the antigen
    b. Antibody binding is determined at the genetic level
    c. Antibodies are produced by B-cells
    d. Antibody binding is random
A

a. Antibodies are formed by folding around the antigen

26
Q
  1. Which antibody subtype is produced before the germinal centre reaction?
    a. IgA
    b. IgM
    c. IgG
    d. IgD
A

b. IgM

27
Q
  1. Which immune cell has both an innate and adaptive form?
    a. T-cell
    b. Macrophage
    c. Dendritic Cell
    d. Eosinophil
    e. NK Cell
A

c. Dendritic Cell

28
Q
  1. Which gene region in VDJ recombination and class switching determines what type of antibody will be produced?
    a. V
    b. D
    c. J
    d. C
A

d. C

29
Q
  1. What is special about the enzyme deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase? Select all correct answers
    a. It is a polymerase that does not use a template
    b. It randomly swaps nucleotides in a mRNA transcript
    c. It inserts random nucleotides into the V and D regions
    d. It is a polyermase that runs backwards along the gene
A

a. It is a polymerase that does not use a template

c. It inserts random nucleotides into the V and D regions

30
Q
  1. Which type of CD4+ T-cell is necessary for the germinal centre reaction?
    a. Th1
    b. Th17
    c. Treg
    d. Tfh
A

d. Tfh

31
Q
  1. A Western Blot uses antibodies to detect what?
    a. Cells
    b. Proteins
    c. Mitochondria
    d. Other antibodies
A

b. Proteins

32
Q
  1. Which of these is not a member of the GM-CSF family?
    a. M-CSF
    b. GM-CSF
    c. CSF
    d. G-CSF
A

c. CSF

33
Q
  1. Which of these is not a marker for the late endosome stage of phagosome development?
    a. Rab7
    b. Rab5
    c. LAMP1
    d. V-ATPase
A

b. Rab5

34
Q
A

YEAR 2 HUMAN BIOCHEMISTRY (12 decks)

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