Tutorial 1

Question 1

Emotion definition

Answer 1

Organized, structured reaction to an event that is relevant to need, goals or survival.

Question 2

Emotion: Three main components

Answer 2

Prototypic form of expressions (facial expressions)
Pattern of consistent autonomic changes
A distinct subjective feeling state

Question 3

Emotions: characteristics

Answer 3

Facial expressions
Short-Lived
Feeling state
Reaction to something that is happening

Question 4

Mood: Characteristics

Answer 4

A transient episode of feeling or affect.
Takes longer than an emotion.
Unpleasant vs pleasant mood state

Question 5

Benefits of feeling good/being in a good mood

Answer 5

Broaden and built theory
Positive mindset -> Broadens view which builds personal resources that act as reserves for future threats.

Question 6

Broaden and Built Theory

Answer 6

Broaden, undoing from lingering negative emotions, fuel psychological resilience, built psychological resilience and trigger the upward spiral. Toward enhanced emotional well-being.

Question 7

Undoing hypotheses

Answer 7

Positive emotions might correct or undo the after effects of negative emotions.

Question 8

Negative emotions

Answer 8

Negative emotions show a bigger diversity in facial expressions.
Negative emotions do more to the body (Fight or Flight)

Question 9

Negative Affect

Answer 9

Extend to which the individual is currently upset or distressed.
High neuroticism, associated with introversion.

Question 10

Positive affect

Answer 10

Reflects one’s current level of pleasure and enthusiasm.
Low neuroticism, associated with extraversion.

Question 11

Four personality traits that contribute to positive psychology

Answer 11

Subjective well-being, optimism, happiness, self-determination

Question 12

People who frequently experience positive emotions are more productive

Answer 12

Positive emotions to job performance is correlated from .3 to .5

Question 13

Positive people experience more personal growth

Answer 13

Their personal resources grow and this helps them to grow and motivate themselves more; upward spiral.

Question 14

Personal resources

Answer 14

Physical, social, intellectual and psychological.

Question 15

Income does not effect employees happiness

Answer 15

It is the other way around. Being more happy leads to more succes which leads to higher pay.

Question 16

People who frequently experience positive emotions have more successful careers

Answer 16

Mostly found in cross-sectional research which doesn’t give a reason for the correlation.
People that are happy are more successful at their job which enables them to build more successful careers.

Question 17

Negative people perform better at complex problem solving tasks

Answer 17

When the problem is new -> Negative people are more suited. They are more focused and have a local view.
When the problem is familiar -> Positive people are more suited. Positive people have a broader global view. Negative people tend to doubt themselves here and therefore can take longer solving the problem.

Question 18

The link between feeling positive and succes in work: four step process

Answer 18

1. Person feels positive (More than colleagues)
2. Person will experience more optimistisch and self-efficacy. They will now be better in their job than sadder colleagues.
3. Person will get more tasks & recognition -> More opportunities to take advantage of
4. Person is more likely to grow quicker and have a more successful career sooner than sadder colleagues.

Question 19

The transfer of emotions: A two stage proces

Answer 19

1. Mimicking others behavior.
2. People start feeling the emotion they are mimicking.

Question 20

Leaders have more impact on the group’s mood because:

Answer 20

They are the most vocal person.
They are the focus point.
Leader has more interactions with individual group members.
Group members feel dependent on the leader
-> The two stage process will lead to the group members mimicking the leaders’ emotions.

Question 21

Circumplex Model

Answer 21

Emotional Valence: degree of pleasantness (positive vs. negative)
Emotional energy: low or high (can be both positive and negative)

Question 22

Van Mierlo & Bakker

Answer 22

Cohesion: doesn’t effect group emotion.
Engagement: does have an effect on group emotion. The group member with the highest engagement will have the highest influence on the emotions of the group.

Question 23

Group emotions and team performance

Answer 23

Postive leader -> better coordination and cooperation.
Positive leader -> more effective and less conflict.
Negative leader -> more effort.

Question 24

Six categories reporting significant correlations of longterm happiness and short-term positive affect

Answer 24

1. Positive perceptions of self and others
2. Sociability & Activity
3. Likability & Cooperation
4. Prosocial behavior
5. Physical well-being & coping
6. Problem solving & creativity