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Immunology (UofA) > Tute quizzes & related tangents > Flashcards

Tute quizzes & related tangents Flashcards

1
Q

Affinity maturation of B cells occurs in which area of the secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

Germinal centres

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2
Q

The two mechanisms responsible for affinity maturation are?

A
  • Antigen dose

- Somatic hypermutation

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3
Q

Name the three APCs.

A
  • B cells
  • Dendritic cells
  • macrophages
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4
Q

What cell type can prime naive T cells?

A

Dendritic cells

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5
Q

Why are hybridomas useful?

A

They allow us to generate monoclonal antibodies (1 idiotype, 1 isotype) i.e. will recognise only 1 epitope.

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of myeloma cells in relation to hybridoma formation?

A

HGPRTase-
Ig-
Immortal

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7
Q

Why are plasma cells required to form hybridomas?

A

They are HGPRTase+, Ig+

also mortal but we don’t want that in the hybridoma cell

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8
Q

What are the 5 outcomes after myeloma cells are chopped up and combined with plasma cells via polyethylene glycol (hybridomas)?

A
  • unfused plasma cell :(
  • 2x fused plasma cells :(
  • heterokaryon = 1x myeloma cell fusing with a plasma cell :D
  • 2x fused myeloma cells :(
  • unfused myeloma cell:(
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9
Q

Why is HAT medium used for heterokaryon selection during hybridoma formation?

A

(Un)fused myeloma cells:
It restricts the De novo synthesis pathway (the one that lets you make proteins etc. from AAs and mono/disaccharides), forcing use of the salvage pathway (recycle nucleotides from shitty DNA/RNA) but they still have no HPGRTase to breakdown the medium so they die anyway

(Un)fused plasma cells:
They just die after about a week

Plasma-myeloma hybrids:
Survive! HGPRTase comes from plasma cell and immortality comes from myeloma cell.

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10
Q

In the endogenous pathway of Ag processing and presentation, proteins from where are broken down into peptides (in proteosome)?

A

Cytosol!

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11
Q

What are the five major characteristics of cytokines?

A
  • Pleiotropy = target many cell types and get multiple effects
  • Synergy = 2+ cytokines where the combined effect is greater than the sum of the individual CK effects
  • Redundancy = CKs with overlapping biological activities (just in case)
  • Antagonism = one CK inhibits or reduces the effect of another
  • Cascade induction = CKs whose effect is amplified through signal transduction cascade(s)
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12
Q

When T cells differentiate into their subtypes (eg. Th1, Th17, etc.), are they terminally differentiated?

A

Nope! They can change based on the surrounding environment (what different cytokines are nearby?)

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13
Q

Name three types of Ag receptors and what they bind to.

A 
TCRs - Ags presented on MHC I and II (PROCESSED)
BCRs - native Ag
Fc receptors - Fc portion of Ab 
       FcαR = IgA
       FcµR = IgM
       FcγR = IgG
       FcϵR = IgE
       Fc𝛿R = IgD
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14
Q

Which cytokine promotes differentiation to a Th1 cell and what CKs does a differentiated Th1 cell secrete?

A

IL-12 to get to Th1, secretes IFNγ

Helps with Ag presentation

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15
Q

What kind of infection would you find a larger Th1 cell population?

A
  • viral

- bacterial

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16
Q

Which cytokine promotes differentiation to a Th2 cell and what CKs does a differentiated Th2 cell secrete?

A

IL-4 encourages differentiation to Th2, then secretes IL-4, 5, 13

17
Q

Th2 cells are usually present most in what kind of immune response?

A

Allergy, humoral immunity

18
Q

Which cytokine promotes differentiation to a Th17 cell and what CKs does a differentiated Th17 cell secrete? Bonus points for cytokines that inhibit differentiation to Th17

A

IL-6 and TGFβ encourage Th17 differentiation. These cells secrete IL-17, 21, 22

Inhibited by IFNγ and IL-4

19
Q

What kind of infection would you find a larger Th1 cell population?

A
  • viral

- bacterial

20
Q

Which cytokine promotes differentiation to a Th2 cell and what CKs does a differentiated Th2 cell secrete?

A

IL-4 encourages differentiation to Th2, then secretes IL-4, 5, 13

21
Q

Th2 cells are usually present most in what kind of immune response?

A

Parasitic, allergy, humoral immunity

22
Q

Which cytokine promotes differentiation to a Th17 cell and what CKs does a differentiated Th17 cell secrete?

Bonus points for cytokines that inhibit differentiation to Th17

A

IL-6 and TGFβ encourage Th17 differentiation. These cells secrete IL-17, 21, 22

Inhibited by IFNγ and IL-4

23
Q

What does Th17 do?

A

Promotes tissue inflammation

24
Q

WHat are the two main phagocytic cells of the IS?

A
  • Neutrophils

- Macrophages

25
Q

Which cells kills viruses for us?

A

NK cells :)

26
Q

What cells are located in the medulla of a lymph node?

A

T cells, B cells, macrophages and plasma cells

27
Q

What are 2 important mechanisms generated through complement?

A

Membrance attack complex {via C5b678(9)n}

Opsonisation {C3b}

28
Q

The 6 sites on each arm of an Ig that come into direct contact with an epitope are collectively called what?

A

The complementarity defining region

29
Q

What possible types of chemical bonding form between an Ig and an epitope?

A

Pretty much any intermolecular bonding that isn’t ionic:

  • hydrogen
  • dipole-dipole
  • dispersion forces/Van der Waals
30
Q

What are two key features of the secondary immune response?

A
  • specificity

- memory

31
Q

What is put in vaccines to make them more immunogenic (able to produce an immune response)?

A

An adjuvant

32
Q

During clonal selection, B cells can differentiate into what?

A
  • Plasma cells (T dep and indep)

- Memory cells (T dep only!)

33
Q

What possible types of chemical bonding form between an Ig and an epitope?

A

Pretty much any intermolecular bonding that isn’t ionic:

  • hydrogen
  • dipole-dipole
  • dispersion forces/Van der Waals
34
Q

The 2 pathways used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells are known as what?

A
  • Secretory and non-secretory!
35
Q

What is put in vaccines to make them more immunogenic (able to produce an immune response)?

A

An adjuvant

36
Q

During clonal selection, B cells can differentiate into what?

A
  • Plasma cells (T dep and indep)

- Memory cells (T dep only!)

37
Q

Name three similarities between EARLY T and B cell development.

A
  • Both derived from pluripotent stem cells
  • Early development occurs in bome marrow
  • Development process is antigen independent
38
Q

The 2 pathways used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells are known as what?

A
  • Secretory and non-secretory!
39
Q

Why is an IR not involving Tfh cells shitty?

A
  • Poorer affinity antibodies are produced
  • There won’t be any germinal centres in the LNs
  • Minimal to no isotype switching occurs

Immunology (UofA) (6 decks)

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