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Italy - Central/Southern > Tuscany (Toscana) > Flashcards

Tuscany (Toscana) Flashcards

1
Q

fiasco

A

Historically, due to the inferior quality of Italian glass, Chianti was sold in squat, straw-covered bottles (fiascos) that came to epitomize the rustic, cheap nature of Italian wine in the late 1960’s, 70’s, and 80’s

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3
Q

Year legislation first delimited the Chianti zone

A

1716

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4
Q

Tuscany

Number of hl produced annually

A

3 million hl

  • Forefront of quality and large-scale comm winemaking in Italy
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5
Q

Tuscany

% of wine at DOC/DOCG level

A

45%

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6
Q

Tuscany

Climate

A

dry, maritime-influenced

  • Can be harsh winters, long hot summers
  • Wide variation in mesoclimates
    • Montalcino - S province Siena, more arid
    • Montepulciano - further inland, more seasonal, continental
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7
Q

Italy’s most planted red varietal

A

Sangiovese

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8
Q

Sangiovese clone of Montepulciano

A

Prugnolo Gentile

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9
Q

Italy’s most planted white grape

A

Trebbiano Toscano

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10
Q

Tuscany

Regions for Vernaccia

A

San Gimignano

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11
Q

Tuscany

% of vineyards devoted to red wines

A

70%

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12
Q

Year Chianti was elevated to DOCG status

A

1984

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13
Q

Chianti

7 original subzones

8th subzone

A
  • Classico
  • Rufina
  • Colli Fiorentini
  • Colli Senesi
  • Colline Pisane
  • Colli Aretini
  • Montalbano
  • 8th subzone, Montespertoli, 1997 decree
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14
Q

Chianti

Year boundaries of the modern zone were established

A

1932

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16
Q

Chianti

Major firm of Rufina subzone

A

Frescobaldi

  • Rufina, exception of Classico, most consistent subzone in quality
  • Frescobaldi, Fattoria Selvapiana - only producer of tiny Pomino DOC w/in Rufina
  • Red and white w/ higher % international grapes than Chianti DOCG
  • Range of varietal bottlings
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17
Q

governo

A

refermentation with juice of dried grapes

  • Strengthen wine, initiate malolactic fermentation
  • Traditional practice, legally permitted Chianti DOCG, most quality-minded avoid it
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18
Q

governo

label indicaton

A

‘Governo all’uso Toscano’

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19
Q

Chianti Normale

Aging requirements

A

March 1 year following harvest

  • Florentine subzones Rufina, Montespertoli, Colli Fiorentini require additional aging
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20
Q

Chianti riserva

Aging requirement

A

2 years

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21
Q

Chianti Superiore

A
  • Extra 1/2 degree alcohol
  • Lowered yields
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22
Q

Chianti DOCG

min % Sangiovese

A

70%

  • June 2009 DOCG regulations
  • Colli Senesi subzone - min 75%
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23
Q

Chianti Classico DOCG

min alcohol %

A

12%

  • vs 11.5% Chianti DOCG
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24
Q

Chianti Classico DOCG

Aging requirement

A

1 year

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25
Q

Chianti Classico DOCG Riserva

Aging requirement

A

24 months

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26
Q

Chianti Classico DOCG Riserva

Min alcohol %

A

12.5%

vs

  • Chianti Classico: 12%
  • Gran Selezione: 13%
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27
Q

‘Gran Selezione’

Year category was introduced for Chianti Classico

Aging requirements

A

‘Gran Selezione’

  • 2013
  • Aged 30 mon
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28
Q

First to release Brunello

A

Clemente Santi of Tenuta Greppo’s Biondi-Santi

  • First to isolate Brunello clone and bottle it alone in 1865
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29
Q

Year Biondi-Santi first released Brunello Riserva

A

1888

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30
Q

Brunello di Montalcino

Aging requirements

A
  • normale: 2 yrs cask, 4 mon bottle Jan 1st 5th yr
  • riserva : 2 yrs cask, 6 mon bottle Jan 1st 6th yr
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31
Q

Rosso di Montalcino DOC

Aging requirements

A

Rosso di Montalcino DOC

  • wines may not be released until Sept 1st of the year following harvest
  • 100% Sangiovese
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32
Q

Montalcino

DOC for “Super-Tuscan” wines

Year Est

A

Sant’Antimo DOC

  • Est 1996
  • Any grape authorized in Tuscany may be used for Sant’Antimo DOC
  • Red or White
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33
Q

Montalcino

DOC for white wines

A

Moscadello di Montalcino DOC

  • Moscadello (Moscato Bianco) grape
  • Often sweet, may be still or sparkling
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34
Q

Vintage of Antinori’s ‘Tignanello’ 1st release

A

1971

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35
Q

Montalcino

Soil in higher altitude vineyards

A

galestro - marl and limestone

  • In many of the best vineyard sites of Tuscany
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36
Q

Antinori’s Cabernet-based “Super Tuscan”

A

Solaia

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38
Q

Vin Santo

Barrels used for aging

A

caratelli barrels

(small wooden barrels, 50 liters)

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39
Q

Vintage for Marquis Mario Rochetta’s Tenuta San Guido first release of ‘Sassicaia’

A

1968

  • Sassicaia, barrique-aged Cabernet blend from Bolgheri in Northern Maremma
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40
Q

Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC

Year established

A

Beginning with the 1994 vintage

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41
Q

Trebbiano Toscano

a.k.a.

A

Ugni Blanc

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42
Q

Trebbiano di Soave

a.k.a.

A

Verdicchio Bianco

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43
Q

Why is Brunello production in Torrenieri controversial?

A
  • The heavy clay soils are considered unsuitable for quality production
  • Originally included only because it falls with the Montalcino municipality
  • Called the Crete Senesi, until the 1990’s nothing was planted there
  • Similar soils in the chianti classico zone have been excluded from the DOCG boundaries
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44
Q

Montosoli

A
  • A hill of 280-350M north of the town of Montalcino, which is spared the autumnal fog of lower altitudes
  • Generally produces wines with the power and concentration of vineyards in the southern part of the appellation
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45
Q

Montalcino

Highest elevation point for vineyards

A

500 m

(total elevation 667M)

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46
Q

Montalcino

Main type of vine training

A
  • Spurred single cordon, to increase competition between vines and encourage smaller bunches with thicker skins
  • Previously (1970’s/80’s) Guyot was popular, but created too much production/vigor and diluted the wines
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47
Q

“Brunellogate”

Main firms involved

A
  • Scandal involving the seizure of many bottles of Brunello by the Italian government under the allegations that other grapes were being blended into the wine
  • Wines seized were the 2003 vintage, in 2008
  • Antinori, Argiano, Banfi, Frescobaldi
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48
Q

Major producer responsible for pushing Brunello onto the world stage in the 1970’s

A

John and Harry (pictured) Mariani, founders of Villa Banfi (Lambrusco)

  • Landed in Brunello in 1978
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49
Q

Rosso di Montalcino DOC

Grape and aging requirements

A
  • 100% Sangiovese
  • 1 year aging
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50
Q

Brunello di Montalcino DOCG

3 Rivers that delimit the region

A

3 Rivers:

  • Ombrone (N)
  • Asso (E)
  • Orcia (S)
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51
Q

What was revolutionary about the creation of the Rosso di Montalcino DOC?

A
  • 1st instance of two controlled appellations applying to the same vineyards (Brunello and Rosso), paving the way for Rosso di Valtellina, etc.
  • Vineyards must be registered with the consorzio; you may declassify your brunello to rosso, but not vice versa
  • DOC was established in 1983
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52
Q

Who is widely consider the father of Supertuscan wines? What three iconic wines did he first vinify?

A

The famed oenologist Giacomo Tachis.
Sassicaia, Solaia, Tignanello

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53
Q

Who is responsible for creating Ornellaia and Masseto?

A

Lodovico Antinori, brother of Piero

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54
Q

Who is credited with the creation of Brunello? When was it first produced?

A

Biondi-Santi, 1865

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55
Q

What was the first vintage of Brunello di Montalcino DOCG?

A

1888 by Biondi-Santi, Ferrucio Biondi-Santi

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56
Q

What was bizarre about the creation of the Bolgheri DOC when it was initially established?

A

DOC was first created in 1983 for rose and white wine, despite Sassicaia’s fame. It was ammended in 1994 to include red and the subzone Sassicaia was added.

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57
Q

What are the top 3 producers of Bolgheri DOC?

A

Sassicaia
Ornellaia
Grattamacco

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58
Q

What 3 varietals may be varietally produced in Bolgheri DOC? What’s the max % Sangiovese permitted?

A

Cab, Cab Franc, Merlot can be produced varietally. Max 50% Sangiovese permitted.

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59
Q

What Tuscan DOC was added in 1996 for the production of wines from International varieties

A

Sant’Antimo DOC, located in Siena

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60
Q

How does the climate of Montalcino compare to the zones of Chianti production?

A

Warmer and drier than Chianti

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61
Q

What’s the dominant soil type of Northern Brunello? Southern?

A

Northern: more galestro, higher elevations, wines are said to be lighter and more aromatic
Southern: more clay in the soil, lower elevations, wine are more full in style

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62
Q

What are the aging requirements for Brunello di Montalcino Normale? Riserva?

A

Normale: min 5 years, 2 years in wood plus 4 months in bottle. Not released until 1/1 of the 5th year following harvest.
Riserva: min 6 years, 2 years in wood plus 6 months in bottle Not released until 1/1 of the 6th year following harvest.

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63
Q

What is the only Tuscan DOCG that requires Cabernet Sauvignon in it’s blend? What’s the min %?

A

Carmignano DOCG

Requires 10-20% Cab Franc/Cabernet Sauvignon combined with a min 50% Sangiovese.

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64
Q

Cappezzana’s Cabernet Sauvignon cuttings orginally came from what famous estate? (Carmignano DOCG)

A

Chateau Lafite

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65
Q

What is the young vines DOC for Carmignano DOCG?

A

Barco Reale di Carmignano DOC

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66
Q

Who makes Cincinnato and what is the grape?

A

Tenuta di Trinoro, Cesanese d’Affile

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67
Q

What are the 7 subzones of Chianti DOCG?

A

Colli Fiorentini
Rufina
Montalbano
Colli Senesi
Colline Pisane
Colli Aretini
Montespertoli

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68
Q

In what Chianti subzone is Selvapiana located?

A

Rufina

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69
Q

In what Chianti subzone is Pacina located?

A

Colli Senesi

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70
Q

What is the min % Sangiovese for Chianti DOCG? for Chianti Classico DOCG?

A

Chianti DOCG: min 70% (75% for Colli Senesi)
Chianti Classico DOCG: min 80% (Gran Selezione 90%)

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71
Q

As of what vintage are white grapes no-longer allowed in Chianti Classico DOCG?

A

2006

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72
Q

What are the aging requirements for Chianti Classico DOCG Normale? Riserva? Gran Selezione?

A

Normale: may not be released until Oct 1 of the year following harvest

Riserva: min 24 months from Jan 1 of the year following harvest including 3 months in bottle

Gran Selezione: produced from estate fruit, min 30 months from Jan 1 of the year following harvest with at least 3 months in bottle.

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73
Q

What are the soil types of Chianti Classico DOCG region?

A

Alberese (Sandstone)
Galestro (Soft Marl)
Clay, schist, and sand

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74
Q

What is the min % abv for Chianti Classico, Normale, Riserva, and Gran Selezione?

A

Normale: 12%
Riserva: 12.5%
Gran Selezione: 13%

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75
Q

Which subzone of Chianti DOCG receives the longest time in wood and bottle prior to release? What are these aging requirements?

A

Colli Senesi

2 years min, min 8 months in wood, 4 months in bottle

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76
Q

What 4 communes make up the original Chianti Classico zone?

A

Radda
Gaiole
Castellina
Greve

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77
Q

What two white grapes were traditionally part of the Chianti blend?

A

Malvazia and Trebbiano

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78
Q

Which producer is credited with the Chianti recipe of mostly Sangiovese?

A

Bettino Ricasoli

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79
Q

In what year was Gran Selezione introduced for Chianti Classico DOCG? First release?

A

2014

2010’s were the first to carry this designation but wineries are permitted to submit documentation for retroactive designations

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80
Q

In what Chianti subzone is the Pomino DOC located? What was the reason for its creation? Main producer?

A

Rufina

Created primarily for the production of international varietals, Sauv Blanc, Chard, Pinot Noir, Merlot, though Vin Santo is produced here as a red from min 50% Sangiovese.

Frescobaldi owns most land here.

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81
Q

What Chianti DOCG is said to be of similar quality to Chianti Classico DOCG in regards to quality?

What’s the reasoning?

A

Rufina

Due to similar soils (Albarese and Galestro) combined with limestone and higher elevations with SW exposure.

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82
Q

What are the 3 top “Cantina Sociale” in Tuscany?

A

Cantine di Montalcino
Cantina di Scansano
Cantine Leonardo da Vinci

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83
Q

What is the volume of the traditional Caratelli barrel?

A

50L

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84
Q

What is ”madre” and what style of wine is it more associated with?

A

“Madre” is essentially a starter culture for the fermentation of Vin Santo. It consists of sediment collected from barrels of the previous vintage that is added to the must to kickstart fermentation. It typically makes up 5-10% of the must by volume.

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85
Q

What is a vinsantaia?

A

A vinsantaia is an attic where grapes can be hung and dried, and where Vin Santo is aged (exposed to temperature changes with seasonality)

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86
Q

What can be said of Vin Santo that is aged in traditional chestnut barrels vs. oak?

A

Chestnut is more porous and thus more oxidation occurs during aging, giving the wine a more pronounced oxidative character. Chestnut also imparts more tannin than oak.

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87
Q

Which DOC for Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice requires the highest min % of Sangiovese?

A

Vin Santo del Chianti Classico DOC

Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice
min 80% Sangiovese
max 20% other red or white grapes suitable for cultivation in Toscana

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88
Q

What is Occhio di Pernice?

A

Rose style of Vin Santo requiring a min 50% Sangiovese and more for some DOCs.

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89
Q

What is the difference between Vin Santo, Vino Santo, and Vinsanto?

A

Vin Santo: dried grape wine from Malvazia, Trebbiano, and/or Sangiovese mostly from Tuscany, but also Offida and Marche. Typically aged in Caratelli barrels and is not topped off giving it an oxidative character.

Vino Santo: dried grape specialy of Trentino DOC made from Nosiola grapes. This is topped up and typically not oxidative in character.

Vinsanto: dried grape specialty of Santorini, must be made with a min 51% Assyrtiko, plus Aidani and Athiri that is aged for 2 years in wood.

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90
Q

Who owns the Ornellaia estate today?

A

Frescobaldi

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91
Q

What are the names of Gaja’s estates in Montalcino and Bolgheri?

A
  • Pieve di Santa Restituta (Montalcino, also Sugarille bottling)
  • Ca’ Marcanda (Bolgheri)
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92
Q

Name the friable marl-like soil that characterized many of the best vineyard sites in the Chianti Classico zone?

A

Galestro

Galestro is also a Trebbiano-based white wine produced in Tuscany designed to soak up the surplus of white grapes resulting in producers using less and less in their Chianti wines.

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93
Q

What is “Rigoverno”?

A

The practice of initiating a third fermentation in the spring of a wine’s development, but doing a second round of Governo.

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94
Q

What appellation uses the quality designation “Gran Selezione” and what are the requirements for this designation?

A

Chianti Classico DOCG

min 13% ABV
must be produced from Estate fruit
min 30 months aging from Jan 1 of the year following harvest, including at least 3 months in bottle

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95
Q

Who produces Pietradonice? What’s the grape?

A

Casanova di Neri
100% Cabernet Sauvignon

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96
Q

What is the local clone of Sangiovese called in Montepulciano?

A

Prugnolo Gentile

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97
Q

In 2024, what is the current release of Brunello di Montalcino Riserva?

A

2018

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98
Q

“La Serra Nuova” is made by what producer?

A

Tenuta delle Ornellaia

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99
Q

What 3 grapes historically made up the blend of Chianti developed by Barone Ricasoli in the 1800’s?

A

70% Sangiovese
15% Canaiolo
15% Malvazia Bianco

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100
Q

Who makes Sassicaia and what is it’s second wine?

A

Tenuta San Guido
Guidalberto (60/40 Cabernet Merlot)

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101
Q

Tuscany is located in which coast of Italy?

A

The Tyrrhenian Coast

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102
Q

Who bottled the first Supertuscan and when?

A

Marquis Mario Rocchetta (Tenuta San Guido) released the first commercial vintage of Sassicaia in 1968.

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103
Q

What % of Tuscan vineyards are devoted to red wine?

A

70%

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104
Q

When was Chianti first delimited? When was it elevated to DOCG?

A

1932

Elevated in 1984

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105
Q

Which subzone was added to the original seven in 1997?

A

Montespertoli Chianti

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106
Q

What and where is Pomino DOC?

A

Within Rufina Chianti, authorizes both reds and whites.

Reds: min 50% Sangiovese plus Pinot Nero and Merlot, varietal bottlings are permitted (at 85%)

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107
Q

What is the varietal makeup of Chianti DOCG?

A

70-100% Sangiovese
max 30% other grapes authorized for Toscana
max 10% white grapes
max 15% Cab Sauv/Cab Franc

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108
Q

What is the varietal makeup of Chianti Colli Senesi (Chianti subzone)?

A

75-100% Sangiovese
max 25% combined other grapes authorized for Toscana
max 10% white grapes
max 10% combined Cab Sauv/Cab Franc

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109
Q

What is the min % Sangiovese for wines from Colli Senesi?

A

75%

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110
Q

What does Governo all’uso Toscano indicate?

A

A traditional practice, which is refermenting with the juice of dried grapes to strengthen the wine and initiate malolactic fermentation (similar to ripasso)

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111
Q

When may Chianti Normale be released?

A

March 1st following harvest.

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112
Q

How long does Chianti Riserva age for?

A

2 years

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113
Q

What does Chianti Superiore indicate?

A

Plus 0.5% min ABV, may not be released until Sept 1st following harvest

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114
Q

Which Chianti subzones require longer aging?

A
  • Montesperoli (June 1st)
  • Colli Fiorentini/Rufina (Sept 1st)
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115
Q

What are the varietal requirements for Chianti Classico DOCG?

A

80-100% Sangiovese
max 20% other red grapes authorized by Siena and Firenze (including Colorino, Canaiolo Nero, Cab Sauv, Merlot)

  • As of 2006 vintage, Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia Bianco are not permitted
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116
Q

What are the varietal requirements for Chianti Classico Gran Selezione?

A

min 90% Sangiovese
max 10% other red grapes traditional to the region

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117
Q

What are the requirements for Chianti Classico Riserva?

A

2 years of aging
12.5% min ABV

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118
Q

What does Gran Selezione indicate? When was it introduced?

A

Produced from estate fruit
30 months of aging from Jan 1st following harvest with at least 3 months in bottle

Introduced in 2013

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119
Q

Which Chianti subzone overlaps Montalcino?

A

Colli Senesi

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120
Q

Aging requirements for Brunello di Montalcino DOCG? for Riserva?

A

Normale: 2 years in cask, 4 months in bottle, released after Jan 1st five years after harvest

Riserva: 2 years in cask, 6 months in bottle, released after Jan 1st six years after harvest.

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121
Q

What is the soil makeup of Montalcino?

A

Galestro in the higher altitude vineyards, clay to the south, scattered marine fossil deposits

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122
Q

What are the fraziones (sub-communes) of Montalcino?

A

Montalcino: central, high elevation (300-400m) cooler

Sant Angelo in Colle: south-central, high elevation (444m) calcareous soils.

Castelnuovo Abbate: southeast, protected from hot medit. wine by mountain range, calcareous marl with shale

Torrenieri: northeast, high elevation, heavy clay

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123
Q

What producers is Sant’Angelo home to?

A

Banfi, Il Poggione, Argiano, Col d’Orcia

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124
Q

Why is Brunello production in Torrenieri controversial?

A

The heavy clay soils are considered unsuitable for quality production, it was only included because it falls within the Montalcino municipality. Called Crete Senesi, nothing was planted there until the 1990s.

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125
Q

What is Montosoli?

A

A hill of 280-350m north of the town of Montalcino which is spared the autumnal fog of lower altitudes. Generally produces wines of power and concentration.

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126
Q

What delimits the Brunello di Montalcino DOCG zone?

A

3 rivers: Ombrone, Asso, Orcia

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127
Q

Major vine-training in Montalcino?

A

Spurred single cordon to increase competition between vines and encourage smaller bunches

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128
Q

What and when was Brunellogate? Who were the main firms involved?

A

A scandal involving the seizure of many bottles of Brunello under allegations that other grapes were being blended into the wines. The 2003 vintage was seized in 2008.

Antinori, Argiano, Banfi, Frescobaldi

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129
Q

Varietal makeup and aging requirements for Rosso di Montalcino DOC?

A

100% Sangiovese, 1 year aging

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130
Q

What was revolutionary about the creation of the Rosso di Montalcino DOC?

A

First instance of two controlled appellations applying to the same vineyards (Brunello and Rosso) paving the way for Rosso di Valtellina.

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131
Q

When was Rosso di Montalcino DOC established?

A

1983

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132
Q

What is Moscadello di Montalcino DOC?

A

A DOC for white wines of Moscadello (Moscato Bianco); Tranquillo, Frizzante, VT

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133
Q

What are the varietal requirements for Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?

A

min 70% Sangiovese (Prugnolo Gentile)
30% red and white grapes authorized
max 5% non-aromatic white grapes/malvasia bianca lunga

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134
Q

What are the aging requirements for Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG Normale? Riserva?

A

Normale: two years (1 in wood)

Riserva: three year (at least 6 months in bottle)

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135
Q

Where is the Morellino di Scansano DOCG? Varietal and aging?

A

In southern Maremma

min 85% Sangiovese
2 years in barrel for Riserva

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136
Q

What is the varietal makeup up Carmignano DOCG?

A

min 50% Sangiovese
10-20% Cab Sauv/Franc

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137
Q

What Chianti subzone overlaps with Carmignano DOCG?

A

Montalbano Chianti

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138
Q

What three Tuscan DOCG’s were elevated in 2011?

A

Suvereto DOCG
Rosso della Val di Cornia DOCG
Montecucco Sangiovese DOCG

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139
Q

What’s unusual abut Suvereto and Rosso della Val di Cornia DOCG’s?

A

High proportions of Bordeaux varietals (Cab Sauv, Merlot), varietal wines permitted in Suvereto

Suvereto DOCG: Cab and Merlot plus 15% other

Val di Cornia DOCG: min 85% for varietal Cab, Ansonica, Merlot, Sangiovese, Ciliegiolo

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140
Q

Name 3 Sangiovese-dominant Supertuscans:

A

Le Pergole Torte (Montevertine)
Testamatta (Bibi Graetz)
Cepparello (Isole e Olena)
I Sodi di San Niccolo (Castellare di Castellina)
Fontalloro (Felsina)
Flaccianello (Fontodi)
Il Carbonaione (Poggio Scalette)
Percarlo (San Giusto a Retnennano)
Anfiteatro (Vecchie Terre di Montefili)

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141
Q

Where is Bolgheri? What is the style of wine?

A

0-100% Cab Sauv
0-100% Merlot
0-100% Cab Franc
max 50% Syrah
max 50% Sangiovese
max 30% other red grapes suitable

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142
Q

Bianco Bolgheri varietal requirements?

A

Any blend of Vermentino, Sauv Blanc, and/or Viognier, with max 40% other white grapes suitable

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143
Q

What is the single-estate sub-appellation in Maremma?

A

Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC in the town of Castagneto Carducci

min 80% Cab Sauv, plus
2 years aging, 18 months in wood

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144
Q

What are the 11 Chianti Classico UGA’s?

A

San Casciano
Greve
Montefioralle
Lamole
San Donato in Poggio
Panzano
Radda
Castellina
Gaiole
Vagliagli
Castelnuovo Berardenga

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145
Q

What style are the wines of Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG?

A

Passito red Aleatico

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146
Q

What white grape is Aleatico genetically linked to?

A

Moscato Bianco

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147
Q

What grapes are used for Tuscan Vin Santo?

A

Trebbiano
Malvasia, plus Grechetto (sometimes)
Rose is produced with min 50% Sangiovese

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148
Q

What is the only white wine DOCG in Tuscany?

A

Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOCG

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149
Q

What does liquoroso indicate on a bottle of Vin Santo?

A

That the wine has been fortified

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150
Q

Name the 11 DOCG’s of Tuscany

A

Chianti DOCG
Chianti Classico DOCG
Brunello di Montalcino DOCG
Vino Nobile di Montalcino DOCG
Morellino di Scansano DOCG
Carmignano DOCG
Survereto DOCG
Rosso della Val di Cornia DOCG
Montecucco Sangiovese DOCG
Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOCG
Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG

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151
Q

What was the first DOC in Italy?

A

Vernaccia di San Gimignano in 1966

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152
Q

What are the two main clones of Sangiovese?

A

Sangiovese Grosso: large berried, including Prugnolo and Brunello
Sangioveto: smalled-berried, seen in Chianti

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153
Q

What other wine does the Tenuta all’Ornellaia estate produce?

A

Masseto (Merlot)

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154
Q

Excellent vintages in Chianti Classico?

A

1985
1988
1990
1997-2001
2004

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155
Q

Excellent vintages in Brunello di Montalcino:

A

1980
1982
1985
1988
1990
1995-1997
1999-2001
2004

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156
Q

Excellent vintages in Vino Nobile di Montepulciano:

A

1985
1988
1990
1993
1997
1999
2000
2001
2004

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157
Q

What is latifondo?

A

The system of land ownership in Italy, overturned by the Agrarian reforms in the 1950’s

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158
Q

What is mezzadria?

A

Share-cropping, more prevalent in the north

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159
Q

Who produces Tignanello? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Antinori
75-85% Sangiovese, Cab Sauv, Cab Franc
IGT Toscana
1971

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160
Q

Who produces Solaia? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Antinori
75% Cab Sauv, 20% Sangiovese, 5% Cab Franc
IGT Toscana
1978

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161
Q

Who produces Guada al Tasso? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Antinori
50-65% Cab Sauv, 30-40% Merlot plus Syrah
Bolgheri Superiore DOC
1990

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162
Q

Who produces Grifi? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Avignonesi
60% Sangiovese
40% Cab Sauv
IGT Toscana
19-83-1996, 2010

163
Q

Who produces Desiderio? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Avignonesi
85% Merlot, 15% Cab Sauv
Cortona DOC
1988

164
Q

Who produces SummuS? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Banfi
Cab Sauv, Sangiovese, Syrah
Formerly Sant-Antimo DOC, now IGT Toscana
1985

165
Q

Who produces Casalferro? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Barone Ricasoli/Castello di Brolio
100% Merlot (100% Sangiovese until 2001)
1993

166
Q

Who produces Il Caberlot? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Il Carnasciale
100% Caberlot (unique variety, merlot x)
IGT Toscana
1988
Bottled only in magnum

167
Q

Who produces Fontalloro? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Felsina
100% Sangiovese
IGT Toscana
1983

168
Q

Who produces Maestro Raro? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Felsina
100% Cab Sauv
IGT Toscana
1987

169
Q

Who produces Flaccianello delle Pieve? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Fontodi
100% Sangiovese
Colli della Toscana Centrale IFT
1981

170
Q

Who produces Mormoreto? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Catello di Nipozzano (Frescobaldi)
Cab Sauv, Merlot, Cab Franc, Petit Verdot
IGT Toscana
1983

171
Q

Who produces Lamaione? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Castelgiocondo (Frescobaldi)
100% Merlot
1991

172
Q

Who produces Luce? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Luce della Vite (Fresobaldi)
Sangiovese, Merlot
Toscana IGT
1993

173
Q

Who produces Giramonte? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Tenuta di Castiglione (Frescobaldi)
Merlot, plus Sangiovese
IGT Toscana
1999

174
Q

Who produces Cepparello? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Isole e Olena
100% Sangiovese
IGT Toscana
1980

175
Q

Who produces Paleo Rosso? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Le Macchiole
100% Cab Franc
IGT Toscana 1989

176
Q

Who produces Messorio? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Le Macchiole
100% Merlot
IGT Toscana
1994

177
Q

Who produces Scrio? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Le Macchiole
100% Syrah
IGT Toscana
1994

178
Q

Who produces Le Pergole Torte? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Montevertine
100% Sangiovese
IGT Toscana
1977

179
Q

Who produces Ornellaia?? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Tenuta dell’Ornellaia
Cab Sauv, Merlot, Cab Franc, Petit Verdot
DOC Bolgheri Superiore
1985

180
Q

Who produces Masseto? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Tenuta dell’Ornellaia
100% Merlot
IGT Toscana
1986

181
Q

Who produces Sammarco? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Castello di Rampolla
Cab Sauv, plus
IGT Toscana
1980

182
Q

Who produces Vinga d’Alceo? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Castello di Rampolla
80% Cab Sauv, plus Petit Verdot
IGT Toscana
1996

183
Q

Who produces Sassicaia? Assemblage, appellation, inaugural vintage?

A

Tenuta San Guido
80% Cab Sauv, 15% Cab Franc
DOC Bolgheri Sassicaia
1968

184
Q

Name 5 Supertuscans that do not appellate as IGT Toscana:

A

Guado al Tasso - Bolgheri Superiore DOC
Flaccianello - Colli della Toscana Centrale IGT
Ornellaia - Bolgheri Superiore DOC
Sassicaia - Bolgheri Sassiscaia DOC
Il Bosco - Cortona DOC

185
Q

What Supertuscans does Antinori make?

A

Tignanello - 1971, 75-85% Sangiovese, Cab Sauv, Cab Franc
Solaia - 1978, 75% Cab Sauv, Cab Franc, Sangiovese
Guado al Tasso - 1990, 50-65% Cab Sauv, Merlot

186
Q

What Supertuscans does Avignonesi make?

A

Grifi - 1983, 60% Sangiovese + CS
Desiderio - 1988, 85% Merlot + CS

187
Q

What Supertuscans does Felsina make?

A
  • Fontalloro - 1983, 100% Sangiovese
  • Maestro Raro - 1987, 100% Cab Sauv
188
Q

What Supertuscans does Frescobaldi make?

A

Mormoreto - CS/Merlot/CF/PV
Lamaione - 100% Merlot
Luce - Sangiovese + Merlot
Giramonte - Merlot + Sangiovese

189
Q

What Supertuscans does Le Macchiole make?

A

Paleo Rosso - 100% Cab Franc
Messorio - 100% Merlot
Scrio - 100% Syrah

190
Q

What Supertuscans does Tenuta dell’Ornellaia make?

A

Ornellaia - CS/Merlot/CF/PV
Masseto - 100% Merlot

191
Q

What Supertuscans does Castello dei Rampolla make?

A

Sammarco - Cab Sauv +
Vigna d’Alceo - 80% CS + PV

192
Q

What province in Brunello di Montalcino in?

A

Siena

193
Q

Name 3 traditional producers of Brunello?

A

Biondi Santi
Talenti
Soldera

194
Q

What province in Vino Nobile di Montalcino in?

A

Siena

195
Q

What are the unofficial subzones of Brunello di Montalcino?

A

Sant Angelo in Colle
Castelnuovo Abate
Torrenieri

196
Q

What are the 6 provinces of Chianti?

A

Firenze
Siena
Arezzo
Prato
Pisa
Pistoia

197
Q

Famous Vin Santo producer?

A

Avignonesi

198
Q

When was the recipe for Chianti DOCG upgraded from 70-100%?

A

1996

But as of 2009 only 70% is required

199
Q

What was Suvereto DOCG formerly a subzone of?

A

Formerly a sub-zone of Val di Cornia DOCG
Borders Bolgheri
Promoted in 2011
Based on CS or Merlot

200
Q

What is the only dessert wine to receive a DOCG?

A

Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG

201
Q

What clone of Sangiovese is permitted in Vino Nobile? What is the blend?

A

Prugnolo Gentile
min 70%
max 30% other Tuscan varieties (max 5% white)

202
Q

What portion of Carmignano DOCG must be Sangiovese? What else is required?

A

min 50% Sangiovese
10-20% combined CS+CF

203
Q

Name 2 modern Brunello producers:

A

Casanova di Neri
Mastrojanni

204
Q

What wine may not be released until the Feast of St. Michael (Sept 29th) of the third year following harvest?

A

Carmignano DOCG

205
Q

What is the uvaggio of Morellino di Scansano and how long is it aged for?

A

min 85% Sangiovese (aka Morellino)
Normale: March 1st
Riserva: 2 years in barrel

206
Q

Montecucco Sangiovese DOCG, varietals and aging:

A

Sangiovese, Sangiovese Riserva
Min. 90% Sangiovese
Max. 10% other grapes suitable for cultivation in Tuscany, with the exception of Malvasia Nera and Aleatico

Montecucco Sangiovese: May not be released before April 1 of the second year after harvest (Min. 1 year in oak)
Montecucco Sangiovese Riserva: May not be released before September 1 of the third year after harvest (Min. 24 months in oak and 6 months in bottle)

207
Q

Rosso della Val di Cornia DOCG, varietals and aging:

A

Min. 40% Sangiovese
Max. 60% combined Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon
Max. 20% other red grapes (except Aleatico) suitable for cultivation in Toscana

Rosso della Val di Cornia: Wines may not be released until May 1 of the second year following the harvest.
Rosso della Val di Cornia Riserva: Wines may not be released until January 1 of the third year following the harvest. Min. 18 months in oak and min. 6 months in bottle.

208
Q

What DOC’s exist solely for Vin Santo production?

A
  • Vin Santo del Chianti DOC
  • Vin Santo del Chianti Classico DOC
  • Vin Santo di Carmignano DOC
  • Vin Santo di Montepulciano DOC
209
Q

What DOC do Tuscany and Liguria share? Styles, varieties, aging?

A

Colli di Luni DOC

Bianco
Rosso/Rosso Riserva
Varietal wine:
Vermentino/Vermentino Superiore
Albarola

Bianco:
min 35% Vermentino
25%-40% Trebbiano Toscano
max 30% other white grapes suitable

Rosso:
min 50% Sangiovese
max 50% other red grapes suitable

Vermentino
min 90% Vermentino
other white grapes suitable

Albarola
min 85% Albarola
max 15% other white grapes suitable

210
Q

Ansonica Costa dell’Argentario DOC style and grape?

A

Styles: Varietal Ansonica (Bianco)

Varieties:
min 85% Ansonica
max 15% other white grapes suitable for cultivation in Toscana

211
Q

Bianco dell’Empolese DOC style and varietal?

A

Styles:
Bianco
Vin Santo

Varieties:
min 60% Trebbiano Toscano
max 40% other white grapes (excluding Moscato Bianco) suitable for cultivation in Toscana

212
Q

Bianco di Pitigliano DOC styles and varietal?

A

Styles: (Bianco)
Bianco
Bianco Superiore
Spumante
Vin Santo

Varieties:
min 40% - 100% Trebbianco Toscano
max 60%, combined or separately, Greco, Malvasia Bianca Lunga, Verdello, Grechetto, Ansonica, Chardonnay, Sauvignon, Viognier, Pinot Bianco, Riesling Italico
maximum 15% other white grapes suitable

213
Q

100% Merlot Supertuscans?

A

Castello di Ama “L’Apparita”, IGT Toscana
Tua Rita “Redigaffi”, IGT Toscana
Barone Ricasoli “Casalferro”, IGT Toscana
Boscarelli “Boscarelli”, IGT Toscana
Frescobaldi “Lamaione”, IGT Toscana
La Cappella “Cantico”, IGT Toscana
Le Macchiole “Messorio”, IGT Toscana
Petrolo (Bucine) “Galatrona”, DOC Val d’Arno di Sopra
San Giusto a Rentennano “La Ricolma”, IGT Toscana

214
Q

100% Cabernet Sauvignon Supertuscans:

A

Felsina “Maestro Raro”
Monsanto “Nemo”
Montepeloso “Gabbro”

215
Q

100% Cab Franc Supertuscans:

A

Duemani (Riparbella) “Duemani”, IGP Costa Toscana
Le Macchiole “Paleo”, IGT Toscana

216
Q

100% Syrah Supertuscans:

A

Duemani (Riparbella) “Suisassi”, IGP Costa Toscana
Le Macchiole “Scrio”, IGT Toscana
Tenimenti d’Alessandro “Il Bosco”, DOC Cortona

217
Q

What is the climate of Tuscany?

A

Dry-Mediterranean

218
Q

What is the parentage of Sangiovese?

A

Ciliegiolo x *Negrodulce

219
Q

What is the most widely grown green grape variety?

A

Trebbiano

220
Q

Sangiovese is the top grape variety in how many Tuscan DOCG’s?

A

8:
Rosso delle Val di Cornia DOCG
Carmignano DOCG
Chianti DOCG
Vino Nobile DOCG
Chianti Classico DOCG
Morellino di Scansano DOCG
Montecucco DOCG
Brunello di Montalcino DOCG

221
Q

What did Baron de Ricosoli contribute to wine production in Tuscany?

A

accredited with developing the “Chianti formula”

222
Q

The Pomino DOC shares the same boundaries and this Chianti sub-zone:

A

Rufina

223
Q

In Chianti DOCG, the refermentation over skins of dried grapes is transcribed as what on a label of wine?

A

Governo all’uso Tuscano

224
Q

What is assemblage of Fèlsina’s Vin Santo del Chianti Classico DOC wine?

A

Trebbiano
Malvasia
Sangiovese

225
Q

What color are the wines from Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG?

A

Red

226
Q

Traditionally, what Tuscan Vin Santo appellation typically produces the sweetest and most oxidative style wines?

A

Montepulciano

227
Q

Who produces Maestro Raro, and what is it?

A

Fèlsina – 100% Cab Sauv

228
Q

What is the minimum % of Sangiovese required in CC Gran Selezione: Now? AND in 2027?

A

80% currently – increases to 90% with the 2027 vintage to be released in 2030

229
Q

Where can you find the “Cona d ‘Oro”?

A

South of Panzano in Chianti Classico.

230
Q

What is the only monopole in Italy?

A

Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC

231
Q

What is “gallo nero”?

A

Italian for “black rooster”, the mandatory symbol on bottles of Chianti Classico

232
Q

When were white grapes no longer permitted in Chianti Classico?

A

2006

233
Q

_______________ lays claim to mandating the longest minimum maturation periods of any dry, unfortified wine in the world.

A

Brunello di Montalcino

normale: 5 years total, 2 in oak, 4 months in bottle

riserva: 6 years total, 2 in oak, 6 months in bottle

234
Q

Match the producer to their notable vineyards:

A
  1. Valdicava - Madonna del Piano
  2. Ciacci Piccolomini - Pianrosso
  3. Biondi Santi - Greppo
  4. Altesino - Montosoli
235
Q

What is the name of the 100% Cabernet Franc produced by Antinori under the Guadao al Tasso estate?

A

Matarocchio

236
Q

What are the names of Le Macchiole’s 3 mono-varietal Super-Tuscans?

A

Scrio - 100% Syrah
Paleo (Rosso) - 100% Cabernet Franc
Messorio - 100% Merlot

237
Q

Name one sustainable or organic certification commonly seen in Tuscan wineries?

A

“Vino Libero” or “Bio” (organic) certifications.

238
Q

Which ancient civilization is credited with introducing viticulture to Tuscany?

A

The Etruscans

239
Q

Name the winery located in the Maremma region known for its Morellino di Scansano wines:

A

Fattoria Le Pupille.

240
Q

Name 3 different sparkling wines from Tuscany?

A

Felsina - from the province of Siena, a Classic method with a blend of 60% Sangiovese, 20% Pinot Nero and Chardonnay for the remainder

Le Chiuse - In Montalcino, Spumante Brut “Stellare” is produced by using 100% Sangiovese Grosso grapes.

Fattoria Montellori - in Pistoia, an unblended 100% Chardonnay vintage for a Classic method spumante with no less than 36 months fermentation on the lees, followed by proper aging in the bottle.

241
Q

What is Biadina?

A

Biadina is an Italian amaro variety that originated and is still mainly consumed in Lucca. It is a bitter, amber-colored liqueur that is made with long maceration of various botanicals such as chicona. The legend of its origin says that the drink was invented in the 19th century at a market in Lucca.

Tista Nardini had a shop at the Piazza San Michele and would offer the drink to the merchants. The name stems from biada (feed given to horses), and Tista would serve the drink with the often quoted phrase: “Biada for the horses, and a biadina for the merchant.” Traditionally, the liqueur is enjoyed as a digestif, and it is often served with some pine nuts.

242
Q

What liquor from Tuscany is the following describing?

A

“a sweet herbal liqueur created in 1896 by Italian distiller and brandy producer Arturo Vaccari of Livorno, Tuscany. The star element in this liquor is vanilla, which differentiates it from other anise-flavored liqueurs such as Sambuca, Pernod, or Anisette, but the extensive list of ingredients also includes Chinese star anise, Mediterranean anise, juniper, musk yarrow, ginger, lavender, cinnamon, and peppermint.

In appearance similar to Strega, this spirit is sweet and has a complex, vanilla-anise flavor with subtle citrus, wood, and herbal under notes. It is used both as a digestif and as an ingredient for cocktails, most notably the Harvey Wallbanger.”

Galliano

243
Q

What’s the name of the classic round Chaniti bottle with straw wrapping around the base? What was the purpose/whats the history behind this bottle?

A

Fiasco. Dates back to 14th century as an extra layer of protection for shipping.

244
Q

Which Ligurian winery is known for its Vermentino-based wines, including the highly regarded “Ligurian Riviera Vermentino”?

A

Lunae Bosoni

245
Q

Name the winery known for producing Rossese di Dolceacqua wines and is often associated with the “Rosa del Golfo” label.

A

Terre Bianche

246
Q

Match the traditional vine-training style to the region:

A

i. Ponente a. pergola ßLevante
ii. Levante b. albarello ßPonente

247
Q

Describe Galestro soils:

A

a metamorphic, schist-like rock that is crumbly and prone to flaking. It is most commonly found in central Toscana around Chianti Classico, Rùfina, and Montalcino.

248
Q

When Cosimo III de’ Medici issued the bando that delimited the Chianti region in 1716 what 3 other regions were similarly delimited?

A

Pomino
Carmignano
Val d’Arno di Sopra

249
Q

Describe Alberese soils:

A

a fine-grained calcareous marl most commonly found in central and southern Toscana, especially Chianti Classico.

250
Q

Which region was awarded Italy’s first DOC in 1966?

A

Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOC

251
Q

What food is vin santo commonly served with?

A

A cantuccio or cantuccini, a type of almond cookie a la biscotti

252
Q

Name 4 DOCs or DOCGs that REQUIRE the use of either Merlot or Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Val d’Arno di Sopra DOC
Terratico di Bibbona DOC
Suvereto Rosso DOCG
Montecarlo DOC
Cortona DOC
Carmignano DOCG
Bolgheri Sassicaia DOCG
Barco Reale di Carmignano DOC

253
Q

Bistecca alla Fiorentina is traditionally a cut from these two specific breeds of cattle that have their own IGP:

A

Chianina or Maremmana

254
Q

What grape is thought to have formed the majority of the blend in 17th & 18th century Chianti?

A

Canaiolo

255
Q

In what sort of vessel must Brunello be bottled?

A

In a Bordelaise bottle with a cork stopper

256
Q

Which designation has a higher minimum alcohol:
Chianti Classico DOCG Riserva or Chianti Colli Senesi DOCG Riserva?

A

Colli Senesi Riserva - 13%
Chianti Classico Riserva - 12.5%

257
Q

What is “graticci”?

A

Wooden racks in ventilated rooms to air dry the grapes for passito

258
Q

What is the most planted varietal on the Island of Giglio?

A

Ansonica

259
Q

What is Tua Rita’s Merlot IGT?

A

Redigaffi

260
Q

What are the allowed varietals in Sant’Antimo?

A

(Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Grigio, Pinot Nero, Merlot)

261
Q

What was the first Sangiovese to be aged in Barriques?

A

Tignanello

262
Q

What’s the minimum alcohol for Vin Santo/Vina Santo Occhio di Pernice?

A

16%

263
Q

Prugnolo Gentile is know as Sangiovese in what DOCG?

A

Vino Nobile di Montepulciano

264
Q

What is important about the date of September 29 in Carmignano DOCG?

A

Release date for Riserva wines and it’s the feast of St. Michael

265
Q

What do Colli/Colline refer to when talking about the subzones of Chianti?

A

The hills surrounding the provinces mentioned

266
Q

The Conca d’Oro is located within what commune of Chianti Classico? What is the soil type found there?

A

Greve – Galestro soils

267
Q

Who was Giulio Gambelli?

A

Wine consultant who created the modern style of Brunello di Montalcino and consulted all over Tuscany

268
Q

What is the assemblage of Chianti Colli Senesi and does it differ from Chianti?

A

Min 75% Sangiovese
Max 25% Other red grapes suitable for Tuscan winemaking
Max 10% white Grapes
Max 10% Combined Cabernet Sauvignon, Franc
Yes – Sangiovese min is increased and other grapes decreased by 5%

269
Q

When was Gran Selezione created? What is the minimum aging requirement?

A

2013, 2010 vintage
30 months total, 3 months in bottle

270
Q

Which region requires more Sangiovese? Morellino, Montecucco or Chianti Classico?

A

Montecucco (90%)

271
Q

Casse Basse is associated with what Brunello producer?

A

Soldera

272
Q

What are the dominant grapes of Vin Santo Bianco in Tuscany?

A

Trebbiano de Toscana and Malvasia

273
Q

When was Sassicaia first released?

A

1968

274
Q

What are the two major rivers that influence Brunello?

A

Orcia and Ombrone

275
Q

What are the 2 grapes in Cappanelle’s “50 & 50” ?

A

Merlot and Sangiovese

276
Q

What is the min alcohol % of Elba Aleatico Passito?

A

19%

277
Q

What are the first vintages of Masseto and Ornellaia?

A

1985 Ornellaia
1986 Masseto

278
Q

What is the min % of Sangiovese mandated for Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG?

A

70%

279
Q

Minimum alcohol for Chianti Classico Gran Selezione?

A

13%

280
Q

What is the synonym for Sangiovese in Scansano?

A

Morellino

281
Q

What river marks the southwest border of Brunello di Montalcino?

A

Orcia River

282
Q

What type of animal is the Cinta Senese

A

Pig

283
Q

Which Chianti subzone requires min 75%-100% Sangiovese?

A

Colli Senesi

284
Q

Name a producer of vin santo:

A

Castellare di Castellina
Felsina
Selvapiana

285
Q

Chianti Riserva DOCG requires how much aging:

A

2 years from Jan 1 the year following harvest

286
Q

Which DOCs follow the same boundaries as Brunello di Montalcino DOCG?

A

Sant Antimo DOC
Moscadello di Montalcino DOC

287
Q

What is the primary red grape of Cortona DOC?

A

Syrah

288
Q

Trebbiano Toscano is also known as?

A

Ugni Blanc

289
Q

True or False - White grapes are allowed in Chianti Classico DOCG?

A

False - since 2006

290
Q

Radda and Castellina are communes in which DOCG?

A

Chianti Classico DOCG

291
Q

What are Chianti Moltabano wines known for?

A

Chianti Montalbano wines are known for their soft and scented personality. They are also the Chianti with the shortest lifespan and should be consumed young.

292
Q

Southernmost Chianti subregion?

A

Colli Senesi

293
Q

Western-most Chianti subregion and closest to Pisa?

A

Colli Pisane

294
Q

What is the smallest Subzone of Chianti?

A

Located east of Florence, Chianti Rufina is the smallest subregion of Chianti.

295
Q

Types of Peroni beer?

A

Peroni Gran Riserva, Raw Peroni, Lemon Peroni Chill and The Peroncino are the 4 variants of Peroni beers.

296
Q

Carmignano DOCG requires a min ______ Sangiovese along with ______ combined Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon.

A

Carmignano DOCG requires a min 50% Sangiovese along with 10-20% combined Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon

297
Q

Name the 3 C’s (red grapes) permitted in Chianti, along with some other allowable grapes:

A

Canaiolo Nero
Ciliegiolo
Colorino
Fogliatonda
Malvasia Nera
Mammolo
Pugnitello
and also major international varieties, such as Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah.

298
Q

Describe 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 vintages in Montalcino:

A

2014 Difficult vintage. Cold and rainy led to wines that lack richness.
2015 Near perfect vintage. Ripe and rich wines with structure.
2016 May be better the ’16. Later harvest, but retains acidity
2017 Very warm year and the wines are rounder, riper, and early drinking.

299
Q

The Chianti region was officially enlarged in 1932 to 9 subzones. Name any 3.

A

Chianti Classico
Rùfina
Montalbano
Colli Fiorentini
Colli Senesi
Colli Aretini
Colline Pisane
(A final subzone, Montespertoli, included since 1997.)

300
Q

Which Chianti Classico commune has the highest elevation vineyards, above 650 meters?

A

Radda

301
Q

What requirements are needed to label a wine Chianti Classico Gran Selezione?

A

Single vineyard or top parcels
estate grown or long term contracts
30 months min aging with at least 3 months in bottle
and must have 90% Sangiovese.

302
Q

Who is the producer, leading varietal, and first vintage of Solaia?

A

Antinori, 75% now- 80% in 1978 which is original vintage

303
Q

Avignonesi and Capannelle’s 50 & 50 Super Tuscan is a blend of which two varieties- and what region are each from?

A

50% Avignonesi Merlot from Montepulciano, 50% Capannelle Sangiovese from Gaiole in Chianti. 1988 first vintage.

304
Q

IL Caberlot by IL Carnasciale is what grape and made in what format only?

A

100% Caberlot varietal - crossing of Merlot x Cabernet

305
Q

Duemani, Duemani is what grape? Duemani, Suissasi is what grape?

A

Duemani, Duemani= 100% Cab Franc

Duemani, Suisassi= 100% Syrah

306
Q

Where is Panzano? What is special about Panzano? Can you name a historic producer from the greater Panzano area?

A

Village in Florence, subzone of Chianti Classico Gran Selezione
* Elevation is unique- so of the steepest hills in Tuscany- elevation ranges from 800 ft- 2100+ft, avg. 1300+ ft.

For scale, Le Pergole Torte by Montevertine is at 1,394 ft. (425 masl)

Historic producer is Fontodi

307
Q

What is the Conca d’Oro?

A

The “Golden Shell” amphitheater vineyards Fontodi uses in Flaccianello della Pieve

308
Q

Producer, Varietal, First Vintage of Galatrona?

A

Petrolo, Merlot, 1994

309
Q

Fattoria le Pupille is located where? Can you name two bottlings?

A

Winery in Grosseto 33 km away from Scansano both in Maremma

Morellino di Scansano DOCG: 85% Sangiovese, 10% Alicante, and 5% Malvasia Nera. Inaugural vintage 1985.

Saffredi Toscana IGP: 60% Cabernet Sauvignon, 30% Merlot, and 10% Petit Verdot. From the namesake vineyard in Perata. Named for Elisabetta’s father, Fredi, who planted the vineyard but didn’t live to drink the wine it produced. Inaugural vintage 1987

310
Q

Is Querciabella a modern or traditional winery?

A

Traditional! Biodynamic, organic, dry-farmed, minimal intervention

311
Q

Name the Tuscany DOC’s that can produce Vin Santo:

A

Vin Santo del Chianti, Vin Santo del Chianti Classico, Vin Santo di Montepulciano, Vin Santo di Carmignano,

312
Q

Name a reputable Tuscan rose bottling and where its from

A

La Pupille “Rosa Mati” Maremma, Antinori Tenuta Guado Al Tasso “Scalabrone” Bolgheri, Il Poggione “Brancato” Rosato di Toscana

313
Q

3 Tuscan producers of Traditional Method wine

A

Felsina, Volpaia, Il Poggione

314
Q

Name a DOC for Spumante in Tuscany.

A

Pomino, Bianco di Pitigliano, Val d’Orno di Sopra

315
Q

Annual sunlight hours for Tuscany in general?

A

2488 hours

316
Q

Annual sunlight hours for Montalcino?

A

3028 hours or 252 a month

317
Q

What is the annual and growing season rainfall for Chianti Classico (Florence)

A

912mm or 488mm

318
Q

Who codified the Chianti boundary in 1716?

A

Cosimo III d’ Medici Duke of Tuscany

319
Q

Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC year/assemblage/aging

A

2013, Min. 80% Cabernet Sauvignon, min 18 mo in barrique and 2 years age

320
Q

Name the Chianti DOCG designations that specifically require wood aging (3)

A

Colli Fiorentini Riserva & Rufina Riserva, min 6 mo in wood. Colli Senesi Riserva min. 8 mo. in wood, 4 mo btl

321
Q

What is the DOCG of Elba?

A

Elba Aleatico Passito, 100% Aleatico

322
Q

Montalcino North 3 advantages:

A

Cooler, Steepest up to 400masl, Limestone

323
Q

Name 3 producers who bottle from Montosoli:

A

Altesino, Carpazo “Montosoli, Vigna La Casa”, Nello Baricci “Colombaio Montosoli”

324
Q

What are Altesino’s 3 “firsts”:

A
  1. First to bottle single cru, Montosoli 2. First to offer Futures in Brunello 3. First to use Barrique
325
Q

What is the first single vineyard bottling of Brunello di Montalcino?

A

Altesino, Montosoli 1975 located in Montalcino North

326
Q

Hottest, Driest area of Montalcino:

A

Sant’Angelo

327
Q

3 Rivers of Montalcino:

A

Ombrone: NW, W Asso: NE, E Orcia: S

328
Q

3 soils of Montalcino:

A

Galestro, Limestone/Marl, Shale, Slate/Sandstone

329
Q

3 soils of Chianti Classico:

A

Galestro- friable schist clay, Albarese- marlstone , Macigno- grey/blue sandstone

330
Q

Name 6 Sangiovese based Super Tuscans:

A

Fontodi, Flaccianello della Pieve (81), Isole e Olena Ceparello (80), Montevertine Le Pergola Torte (77), Poggio Scalette Il Carbonaione (92), Felsina Fontolloro (83), Vecche Terre di Montefili Anfiteatro (87)

331
Q

Name 3 Cabernet Sauvignon based Super Tuscans:

A

Monsanto Nemo (82), Montepeloso Gabbro (94), Felsina Maestro Raro (82)

332
Q

Name 2 Cabernet Franc based Super Tuscans:

A

Duemani Duemani (04), Le Macchiole Paleo (89)

333
Q

Name 5 Merlot based Super Tuscans:

A

Castello di Ama L’Apparita (85), Baron Ricasoli Casalferro (org. Sangio 83), Petrolo Galatrona (94), Le Macchiole Messorio (94), Frescobaldi Lamaione (91)

334
Q

Name 2 Syrah based Super Tuscans:

A

Duemani Suissasi (04), Le Macchiole Scrio (94)

335
Q

Name 2 DOC for red wine in Montalcino:

A

Rosso di Montalcino and Sant’Antimo

336
Q

What is the only white wine DOCG in Tuscany:

A

Vernaccia di San Gimingnano DOCG

337
Q

Name 3 DOC for Vin Santo in Tuscany:

A

Vin Santo del Chianti, Vin Santo del Chianti Classico, Vin Santo di Montepulciano

338
Q

Name 3 top vintages in Bolgheri from the 80’s:

A

82, 85, 88, 89

339
Q

Name 3 top vintages of Brunello di Montalcino from the 90’s:

A

90, 95, 96, 97, 99

340
Q

How could a new producer become established in Brunello?

A

By purchasing both the property and the production rights from the selling producer

341
Q

Why has Brunello reached it maximum vineyard plantings?

A

bc it is a UNESCO world-heritage site

342
Q

What vintage wines were under scrutiny in Brunellogate?

A

2003

343
Q

What was Brunellogate? aka Brunellopoli?

A

Modernist producers going from ripeness exaggeration to coloring wine with Nero d’Avola and bulk Spanish wine circa 2008

344
Q

Name 4 current producers who predate World War 1 in Brunello di Montalcino- excluding Biondi Santi?

A

Fattoria di Barbi, Fattoria di Argiano, *Il Poggione, and *Col d’Orica = *Fattoria di Sant’Angelo split into the two

345
Q

Who is creditted with isolating the Sangiovese Grosso monvarietal style of Brunello?

A

Ferrucio Biondi Santi, grandson of Clemente

346
Q

Biondi Santi estate?

A

Il Grepo

347
Q

Slavonian Oak grows what species oak?

A

Quercus Robur, same as France- but tighter grained

348
Q

Name 3 Brunello di Montalcino producers who use barrique?

A

Altesino, Silvio Nardi, Gaja Piave Santa Restituta

349
Q

What is the parentage of Sangiovese?

A

Ciliegiolo x *Negrodulce

350
Q

What is the name of the 100% Cabernet Franc produced by Antinori under the Guadao al Tasso estate?

A

Matarocchio

351
Q

Name the winery located in the Maremma region known for its Morellino di Scansano wines:

A

Fattoria Le Pupille.

352
Q

Name 3 different sparkling wines from Tuscany?

A

Felsina - from the province of Siena, a Classic method with a blend of 60% Sangiovese, 20% Pinot Nero and Chardonnay for the remainder
Le Chiuse - In Montalcino, Spumante Brut “Stellare” is produced by using 100% Sangiovese Grosso grapes.
Fattoria Montellori - in Pistoia, an unblended 100% Chardonnay vintage for a Classic method spumante with no less than 36 months fermentation on the lees, followed by proper aging in the bottle.

353
Q

What is Biadina?

A

Biadina is an Italian amaro variety that originated and is still mainly consumed in Lucca. It is a bitter, amber-colored liqueur that is made with long maceration of various botanicals such as chicona. The legend of its origin says that the drink was invented in the 19th century at a market in Lucca.

354
Q

Describe Galestro soils:

A

a metamorphic, schist-like rock that is crumbly and prone to flaking. It is most commonly found in central Toscana around Chianti Classico, Rùfina, and Montalcino.

355
Q

Describe Alberese soils:

A

a fine-grained calcareous marl most commonly found in central and southern Toscana, especially Chianti Classico.

356
Q

Which region was awarded Italy’s first DOC in 1966?

A

Vernaccia di San Gimignano

357
Q

What food is vin santo commonly served with?

A

A cantuccio or cantuccini, a type of almond cookie a la biscotti

358
Q

Bistecca alla Fiorentina is traditionally a cut from these two specific breeds of cattle that have their own IGP:

A

Chianina or Maremmana

359
Q

What grape is thought to have formed the majority of the blend in 17th & 18th century Chianti?

A

Canaiolo

360
Q

In what sort of vessel must Brunello be bottled?

A

In a Bordelaise bottle with a cork stopper

361
Q

What is the minimum percentage of Sangiovese mandated for Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG?

A

70%

362
Q

Minimum alcohol for Chianti Classico Gran Selezione?

A

13%

363
Q

What type of animal is the Cinta Senese?

A

Pig

364
Q

What river marks the southwest border of Brunello di Montalcino?

A

Orcia River

365
Q

Which Chianti subzone requires 75%-100% Sangiovese?

A

Colli Senesi

366
Q

Name a producer of vin santo:

A

Castellare di Castellina, Felsina, Selvapiana

367
Q

Chianti Riserva DOCG requires how much aging:

A

2 years from Jan 1 the year following harvest

368
Q

Which DOCs follow the same boundaries as Brunello di Montalcino DOCG:

A

Sant Antimo DOC, Moscadello di Montalcino DOC

369
Q

What is the primary red grape of Cortona DOC?

A

min 50-60% Syrah
10-20% Merlot

370
Q

Which Tuscan DOC is shared with Liguria?

A

Colli di Luni DOC
Bianco: 35% Vermentino
25%-40% Trebbiano Toscano
Rosso: min 50% Sangiovese
Vermentino: min 90%

371
Q

Carmignano DOCG: Uvaggio

A

Minimum 50% Sangiovese
10-20% combined Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon

372
Q

Carmignano DOCG: Aging Requirements

A

Carmignano: Minimum 8 months in oak or chestnut barrels, may not be sold before June 1 of the second year following the harvest

Carmignano Riserva: Minimum 12 months in oak or chestnut barrels, may not be sold before September 29 (Feast of St. Michael) of the third year following the harvest

373
Q

What’s the min drying time for Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG?

A

100% Aleatico, min 10 days air drying with 30% sugar content

374
Q

Montecucco Sangiovese DOCG: Uvaggio

A

min 90% Sangiovese

375
Q

Suvereto DOCG: Uvaggio

A

Suvereto Rosso: Cabernet Sauvignon and/or Merlot, plus a max. 15% other red grapes suitable for cultivation in Tuscany

376
Q

What do Colli/Colline refer to when talking about the subzones of Chianti?

A

The hills surrounding the provinces mentioned

377
Q

The Conca d’Oro is located within what commune of Chianti Classico? What is the soil type found there?

A

Greve – Galestro soils

378
Q

Describe the Governo technique? In what DOCG is it used?

A

Adding partially dried grapes or fresh must during a fermentation – used if stuck fermentation is an issue but not common today. Must be indicated by “Governo all’uso” on the label in Chianti DOCG only.

379
Q

Which region requires more Sangiovese? Morellino, Montecucco or Chianti Classico?

A

Morellino di Scansano - min 85%
Chianti Classico - min 80%
Motecucco - min 60%

380
Q

Casse Basse is associated with what Brunello producer?

A

Soldera - Case Basse di Gianfranco Soldera Toscana IGT, 100% Sangiovese

381
Q

What are the dominant grapes of Vin Santo bianco in Tuscany?

A

Trebbiano Toscano, Malvasia Bianca Lunga, and/or Malvasia Bianca di Candia

382
Q

% Trebbiano by Vin Santo region:

A

Carmignanon DOC - min 75%
Chianti DOC - min 70%
Montepulciano DOC - min 70%
Chianti Classico DOCG - min 60%

383
Q

What is the minimum alcohol % of Elba Aleatico Passito?

A

Minimum Alcohol: 19% (12% actual)

384
Q

What are the first vintage of Masseto and Ornellaia?

A

Masseto - 1986
Ornellaia - 1985

385
Q

What are the 2 grapes in Cappanelle’s “50 & 50” ?

A

50% Sangiovese + 50% Merlot

50% Avignonesi Merlot from Montepulciano, 50% Capannelle Sangiovese from Gaiole in Chianti. 1988 first vintage.

386
Q

Chianti’s southernmost region?

A

Colli Senesi

387
Q

Chianti’s smallest subzone?

A

Located east of Florence, Chianti Rufina is the smallest subregion of Chianti.

388
Q

Vernaccia di San Gimignano was Italy’s first DOC. When was it awarded?

A

Awarded in 1966. DOCG in 1993.

389
Q

Which Chianti Classico commune has the highest elevation vineyards, above 650 meters?

A

Radda

390
Q

What requirements are needed to label a wine Chianti Classico Gran Selezione?

A

Single vineyard or top parcels, estate grown or long term contracts, 30 months minimum aging with at least 3 months in bottle, and must have 90% Sangiovese.

391
Q

What is Alberello vine-training better known as?

A

Gobelet, trained to stand alone like a compact tree

392
Q

Who is the producer, leading varietal, and first vintage of Solaia?

A

Antinori, at 75% Caberenet now - 80% in 1978 which is original vintage

393
Q

IL Caberlot by IL Carnasciale is what grape and made in what format only?

A

100% Caberlot varietal - crossing of Merlot x Cabernet Franc- Mag only!

394
Q

Duemani, Duemani is what grape? Duemani, Suissasi is what grape?

A

Duemani, Duemani= 100% Cab Franc

Duemani, Suisassi= 100% Syrah

395
Q

Where is Panzano? What is special about Panzano? Can you name a historic producer from the greater Panzano area?

A

Village in Florence, subzone of Chianti Classico Gran Selezione. Elevation is unique- so of the steepest hills in Tuscany- elevation ranges from 800 ft- 2100+ft, avg. 1300+ ft.

For scale, Le Pergole Torte by Montevertine is at 1,394 ft. (425 masl)

Historic producer is Fontodi

396
Q

What is the Conca d’Oro?

A

The “Golden Shell” amphitheater vineyards Fontodi uses in Flaccianello della Pieve

397
Q

Fattoria le Pupille is located where? Can you name two bottlings?

A

Winery in Grosseto 33 km away from Scansano both in Maremma

Morellino di Scansano DOCG: 85% Sangiovese, 10% Alicante, and 5% Malvasia Nera. Inaugural vintage 1985.

Saffredi Toscana IGP: 60% Cabernet Sauvignon, 30% Merlot, and 10% Petit Verdot. From the namesake vineyard in Perata. Named for Elisabetta’s father, Fredi, who planted the vineyard but didn’t live to drink the wine it produced. Inaugural vintage 1987

398
Q

What is Ribollita?

A

This Tuscan stew was created when servants would clear the plates of their masters and cook the leftovers in boiling water. Ribollita, which means re-boiled, is made with cannellini beans and hearty vegetables and thickened with stale bread.

Italy - Central/Southern (16 decks)

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