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Indo project > Turtles > Flashcards

Turtles Flashcards

1
Q

What class are turtles in?

A

Reptilia - includes snakes, crocodiles and lizards

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2
Q

What order are marine turtles in?

A

Testudines - first specimens date back 220 million years

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3
Q

What are the families of turtle species?

A

Cheloniidae (Six of the seven turtle species are in this family
Demochelyidae - Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)

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4
Q

What is the importance of turtles to the ecosystem?

A
  1. Eat - Turtles are thought spend a lot of time eating, with different species controlling the population of different plants and animals
    - Hawksbill - sponges
    - Green sea turtles - sea grass
    - Leatherback - Jellyfish
  2. Prey - Juveniles are preyed upon by air, land and sea. Adults are only really preyed upon by the largest sharks and they are mainly scavenged when dying or dead.
  3. Poop - turtles move nutrients from the open ocean to coastal habitats
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5
Q

How do Sea Turtles mate?

A
  • In the ocean, males may court a female by nuzzling her head or gently biting the back of her neck and rear flippers.
  • If she doesn’t flee the male will attach himself to the back of her shell using his claws in his front flippers
  • He folds his long tail under her shell to copulate
  • This can occur on the surface or underwater
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6
Q

When do Sea turtles mate?

A

Thought to occur in a limited “receptive” period prior to the females first nesting emergence

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7
Q

What is competition like between male Sea Turtles mating?

A

Males have been observed to compete, fighting each other.

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8
Q

What may be a factor that helps keep genetic diversity high in the sea turtle populations?

A

The females can store sperm from several males prior to nesting season

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9
Q

Do male sea turtles go back to land?

A

Only females come ashore to nest; males almost never return to land

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10
Q

Where do females go to nest?

A

Females will travel back to the beach where they were born to create their nests

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11
Q

What is the nesting process for Sea turtles?

A

Females will emerge from the water under the cover of darkness and chose their nesting spot.
- Incubation takes around 60 days and the surrounding temperature determines the sex of the juveniles born
- The hatchlings emerge from the nest and make their way to the ocean, usually at nightfall to increase survival chances.

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12
Q

What temperature leads to which sex for Sea Turtles?

A

Hot chicks: Cool dudes

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13
Q

How to juveniles find there way to the water once they hatch?

A

Hatchlings orientate themselves by using moonlight reflecting off the ocean

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14
Q

What is the survival rate of juvenile sea turtles?

A

1 in 1000 sea turtles make it into adulthood due to to natural predation alongside anthropogenic pressures

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15
Q

What is the protection for Sea Turtles in Indonesia?

A

Indonesia has fully protected sea turtles within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covering nearly 6 million square kilometres

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16
Q

What are threats to sea turtles in Indonesia?

A
  • The fishing, sale and consumption of sea turtle meat in Indonesia is illegal, however illegal poaching does occur.
  • fisheries bycatch, coastal development, chemical and plastic pollution and other anthropogenic pressures.
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17
Q

Can the sex of individual turtles be determined?

A
  • It can be incredibly difficult to determine the sex due to how immature turtles can display sexual dimorphism
  • Therefore the rule is its either a male, or its unknown.
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18
Q

How can male sea turtles be identified?

A
  • Tail is substantial and strong looking
  • Tail extends beyond back flippers
  • Claws visible on front flippers
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19
Q

What is the scientific name for the loggerhead turtle?

A
  • Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758)
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20
Q

What is the maximum size of a loggerhead turtle?

A
  • Up to 1.2 meters (Carapace length)
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21
Q

Where would you find loggerhead turtles?

A

Coastal reefs, rocky areas & lagoons

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22
Q

Do you find loggerhead turtles in groups or solitary?

A
  • Solitary
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23
Q

What is the appearance of loggerhead turtles?

A
  • Dorsal pattern in adults is constant
  • Easily recognised by reddish-brown colouration
  • Head and neck both large and broad
  • Fore flippers relatively short and thick, each with 2 visible claws on the anterior margin
  • Rear flippers with 2 or 3 claws
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24
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the loggerhead turtle?

A

Fat neck and scutes

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25
Q

What is the occurrence of the loggerhead turtle in Bira?

A

Rare

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26
Q

Where in the water column do you find the loggerhead turtle?

A

Benthopelagic (reef)

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27
Q

What is the IUCN status of the loggerhead turtle?

A

Endangered

28
Q

What is the scientific name of the green sea turtle?

A

Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758)

29
Q

What is the maximum size of the green sea turtle?

A

up to 1.5 m (carapace length)

30
Q

Where would you find the green sea turtle?

A

In coastal reefs, rocky areas and sea grass

31
Q

Do you find the green sea turtles in groups or solitary?

A

Solitary

32
Q

What is the appearance of the green sea turtle?

A
  • Single pair of prefrontal scales (two scales between the eyes)
  • Carapace (shell) is bony without ridges and has large, non-overlapping scutes
  • Flippers with 1 visible claw
33
Q

What is the distinguishing feature for green sea turtles?

A

Scutes and round head

34
Q

What is the occurrence of the green sea turtle in Bira?

A

Common

35
Q

Where in the water column do you find the green sea turtle?

A

Benthopelagic (reef)

36
Q

What is the IUCN status of the green sea turtle?

A

Endangered

37
Q

What is the scientific name of the Hawksbill turtle?

A

Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766)

38
Q

What is the maximum size of the Hawksbill turtle?

A

Up to 1.15 m in carapace length

39
Q

Where would you find the Hawksbill turtle?

A

Costal reefs, rocky areas and lagoons

40
Q

Do you find the Hawksbill turtle in groups or solitary?

A

Solitary

41
Q

What is the appearance of the Hawksbill turtle?

A
  • elongated tapered head ends in a beak-like mouth
  • Two pairs of prefrontal scales (scales between the eyes)
  • Carapace is elliptical, bony without ridges, posterior scutes overlap to give a read margin of its carapace a serrated look
  • Flippers have 2 claws
42
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of a Hawksbill turtle?

A

Scutes and beak-like mouth

43
Q

What is the occurrence of the Hawksbill turtle in Bira?

A

Very common

44
Q

Where in the water column do you find the Hawksbill turtle?

A

Benthopelagic (reef)

45
Q

What is the IUCN status of the Hawksbill turtle?

A

Critically endangered

46
Q

What is the scientific name of the olive Ridley turtle?

A

Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholitz, 1829)

47
Q

What is the maximum size of the Olive Ridley turtle?

A

up to 80 cm in carapace length

48
Q

Where would you find the Olive Ridley turtle?

A

Coastal reefs, rocky areas and lagoons

49
Q

Do you find the Olive Ridley turtle in groups or solitary?

A

Solitary

50
Q

What is the appearance of the Olive Ridley turtle?

A
  • Olive coloured carapace that is bony without ridges
  • Variable and asymmetrical lateral scutes 6 to 8 counts
  • 12 - 14 marginal scutes
51
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the Olive Ridley turtle?

A

Scutes

52
Q

What is the occurrence of the Olive Ridley turtle in Bira?

A

Rare

53
Q

Where in the water column do you find the Olive Ridley Turtle?

A

benthopelagic (reef)

54
Q

What is the IUCN status of the Olive Ridley turtle?

A

Vulnerable

55
Q

What is the scientific name of the leatherback turtle?

A

Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761)

56
Q

what is the maximum size of the loggerhead turtle?

A

Up to 2.4 m (carapace length)

57
Q

Where do you find the leatherback turtle?

A

In the open ocean - pelagic

58
Q

Do you find leatherback turtles in groups or solitary?

A

solitary

59
Q

What is the appearance of the leatherback turtle?

A
  • Primarily black rubbery skin with a pinkish-white underside
  • The only species that lacks scales and a hard shall
  • Named after their tough rubbery skin
60
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the leatherback turtle?

A

Carapace and size

61
Q

Where in the water column do you find the leatherback turtle?

A

Pelagic

62
Q

What is the IUCN status of the leatherback turtle?

A

Vulnerable

63
Q

What is the standard was to size a turtle?

A

Carapace (shell) length

64
Q

What is the standard way to size molas?

A

Total length, including clavus

65
Q

What is the standard way to size cetaceans

A

total length (including fluke)

66
Q

What is the standard way to size sharks?

A

Total length (including tail)

67
Q

What is the standard way to size rays?

A

Total disc width

Indo project (3 decks)

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