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Indo project > Rays > Flashcards

Rays Flashcards

1
Q

What are the identifying characteristics of an oceanic manta Ray?

A
  • up to 7 m
  • White shoulder patches that form T shape
  • Black band between eyes and forebody
  • Additional dark patches along the trailing edge of individual gill slit
  • Spine remnant at base of tail
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2
Q

What are the identifying characteristics of a Reef Manta Ray?

A
  • up to 5 m
  • White shoulder patches form a Y shape
  • Terminal mouth with cephalic fins
  • Underside with black spots to be unique pattern to each individual
  • Lack of spine remnant
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3
Q

What are the identifying characteristics of a Spinetail Devil Ray?

A
  • up to 3.2 m
  • Can be solitary but often in groups
  • Dorsal side has wide slightly curving black bamd between eyes and forebody
  • Single spines on base of tail
  • “Mini Manta” cephalic fins
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of a sicklefin devil ray?

A
  • Olive-green or brown dorsal surface
  • Grey ventral shading on posterior margin of pectoral fins
  • Distinctive pronounced ridge along dorsal midline
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5
Q

What classification are rays?

A

The largest subgroup of the chondrichtyan fishes

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6
Q

How many families and species of rays are there?

A
  • 26 families
  • over 630 species
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7
Q

What families are we interested in in IOP?

A
  • Dasyatidae (whiprays)
  • Aetobatidae (eagle rays)
  • Mobulidae (mobula rays)
  • Rhinopteridae (cownose rays)
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8
Q

What are the three main concepts in the importance of rays to coral ecosystem?

A
  1. Eat = benthic rays feed on bottom-dwelling species, such as sea snails, clams, oysters and crabs. They also eat worms, shrimps and some fish. The related manta ray filter feeds plankton.
  2. Prey = The main predator to smaller stingrays in tropical waters are sharks and larger fish. Only the largest sharks will prey on the larger ray species.
  3. Poop = Cycles nutrients and distributes them throughout the ecosystem.
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9
Q

How to rays and skates reproduce?

A

They separate sexes and fertilisation is internal. Males transfer sperm to females and they eventually give birth to live young or lay large leathery eggs.

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10
Q

What are a male ray’s sex organs called?

A

Claspers - two external sex organs called claspers located beneath the body

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11
Q

How do rays mate?

A

The male uses one of their claspers to transfer sperm into the cloaca (opening) of the female

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12
Q

What is the gestation period for rays?

A

Around 9 months.
For most species the female will carry the young with in her body for around 9 months before giving birth to up to 15 live young rays, that will swim and hunt with the mother

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13
Q

What is different regarding reproduction for manta ray species?

A

The manta ray species will give birth to only 1 live pup that is birthed wrapped up like a burrito with a wingspan of around 1.5 m as a new born

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14
Q

How do some other ray species reproduce?

A
  • Egg laying species will lay a mermaids purse which will hatch to produce juvenile rays that look like small adults
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15
Q

What is the survival rate of newborn rays?

A

Most rays that have been studied grow slowly, and maybe only 1 in 10 rays survive the 8 years it takes for them to reach sexual maturity

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16
Q

What is the lifespan of rays?

A

Up to 30 years

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17
Q

Why is it important rays are not heavily fished?

A

Because they grown slowly and produce only a small number of young each year

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18
Q

What are some threats to rays?

A
  • Rays are fished using spears and baited hooks and lines for meat for local consumption
  • The gill rakers of larger rays (mantas and mobulas) are taken and dried for use in traditional medicine
  • Bycatch in commerical fisheries
  • Habitat destruction, climate change and other anthropogenic pressures.
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19
Q

What is protection like for rays in Indonesia?

A
  • Fully protected mobula birostris (giant oceanic manta) and mobula alfredi (Reef manta) within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) which is nearly 6 million square kilometres
  • However, other species are not protected
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20
Q

What are the colour morphs that manta species show?

A
  • Manta species show two further colour morphs that no other species exhibits
    1. Chevron (regular) 2. Melanistic (Black morph) 3. Leucistic (white/pale morph)
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21
Q

What is chevron?

A
  • Chevron is the regular colouration of manta species.
  • Dorsal side is black with white on the head and tips of the fins
  • Ventral side is white with spot markings
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22
Q

What is melanistic?

A
  • Melanistic is the black morph shown in manta species
  • Dorsal side is completely black
  • Ventral side is black with white patches
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23
Q

What is Leucistic?

A
  • Leucistic is the white/pale morph of the manta species (not albino)
  • Both dorsal and ventral side are white with some darker patches
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24
Q

What is the maximum size of an oceanic manta ray?

A

up to 7 m

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25
Q

What is the scientific name of an oceanic manta ray?

A

Mobula birostris

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26
Q

Where are oceanic manta rays found?

A

Normally in the outer reef or open ocean

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27
Q

What is the group size of the oceanic manta ray?

A

Mainly solitary or in small groups

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28
Q

What is the appearance of the oceanic manta ray?

A
  • White shoulder patches that form a T shape
  • Black band between the eyes and the forebody
  • Additional dark patches along the trailing edge of individual gill slits
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29
Q

What is the distinguishing feature on the oceanic manta ray?

A

Spine remnant on base of tail

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30
Q

What is the occurrence of the Oceanic Manta Ray in Bira?

A
  • Extremely Rare
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31
Q

What is the position in the water column of the Oceanic Manta Ray?

A
  • Pelagic
  • Benthopelagic (In or around the reef)
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32
Q

What is the IUCN status of the oceanic manta ray?

A
  • Endangered
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33
Q

What is the scientific name for the reef manta ray?

A
  • Mobula Alfredi
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34
Q

What is the size of the reef manta?

A

Up to 5 m, juveniles from 1.5 m

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35
Q

Where do you find reef mantas?

A
  • Shallow shelf and reef habitats
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36
Q

What is the group size of the reef manta?

A

Can be found both solitary and in groups

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37
Q

What is the appearance of a reef manta?

A
  • White shoulder patches for a Y shape
  • Terminal mouth with cephalic fins
  • Underside with black spots to be unique pattern to each individual
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38
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of reef manta rays?

A
  • Lack of spine remnant on tail
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39
Q

What is the occurrence of reef mantas in Bira?

A

Rare

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40
Q

Where in the water column do you find reef mantas?

A
  • Benthopelagic (In or around the reef)
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41
Q

What is the IUCN status of reef mantas?

A
  • Vulnerable
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42
Q

What is the scientific name of a Spinetail Devil Ray?

A

Mobula Mobular

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43
Q

What is the maximum size of a Spinetail Devil Ray?

A
  • Up to 3.2 m
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44
Q

Where do you find Spinetail Devil Rays?

A
  • In the outer reef to the open ocean
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45
Q

What is the group size of the Spinetail Devil ray?

A
  • Can be solitary but commonly in groups
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46
Q

What is the appearance of the Spinetail Devil Ray?

A
  • Dorsal side has wide slightly curving black band between eyes and the forebody
  • Single spines on the base of the tail
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47
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of a Spinetail Devil Ray?

A

“Mni Manta”, Cephalic fins

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48
Q

What is the occurrence of the Spinetail Devil Ray in Bira?

A
  • Extremely Rare
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49
Q

What position in the water column are Spinetail Devil rays?

A
  • Pelagic
  • Benthopelagic (in or around the reef)
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50
Q

What is the IUCN status for the Spinetail Devil Ray?

A

Endangered

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51
Q

What is the scientific name for the Sicklefin Devil Ray?

A

Mobula tarapacana

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52
Q

What is the maximum size of a Sicklefin devil ray?

A

up to 3.2 m

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53
Q

Where do you find Sicklefin Devil rays?

A

In the outer reef to the open ocean

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54
Q

What group size do you find the Sicklefin Devil Ray in?

A

Commonly in groups but can be solitary

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55
Q

What is the appearance of the sicklefin devil ray?

A
  • Olive-green or brown dorsal surface
  • Grey ventral shading on the posterior margin of the pectoral fins
  • distinctive pronounced ridge along dorsal midline
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56
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the Sicklefin Devil Ray?

A
  • Dorsal surface colour (Olive-green or brown)
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57
Q

What is the occurrence of the Sicklefin Devil Ray in Bira?

A

Extremely rare

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58
Q

What is the position in the water column of the Sicklefin devil ray?

A
  • Pelagic
  • Benthopelagic (in and around the reef)
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59
Q

what is the IUCN status of the Sicklefin Devil Ray?

A
  • Endangered
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60
Q

What is the scientific name of the Shorthorned Pygmy Devil Ray?

A

Mobula Kuhlii

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61
Q

What is the maximum size of the Shorthorned Pygmy devil ray?

A
  • Up to 1.2 m
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62
Q

Where do you find the shorthorned pygmy devil ray?

A

Costal reef to open ocean

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63
Q

Do you find the shorthorned pygmy devil ray solitary or in groups?

A
  • Mainly found in groups
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64
Q

What is the appearance of the Shorthorned Pygmy Devil Ray?

A
  • Dorsal colouring from mauve to light grey and brown
  • Dark collar in a half moon shape from side to side above spiracles
  • Often possessing a white-tipped dorsal fin
  • Short necked appearance
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65
Q

What is the occurrence of the Shorthorned Pygmy devil ray in Bira?

A
  • Uncommon
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66
Q

Where in the water column do you find the Shorthorned Pygmy devil ray?

A
  • Pelagic
  • Benthopelagic (in or around the reef)
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67
Q

What is the IUCN status for the Shorthorned Pygmy devil ray?

A
  • Endangered
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68
Q

What is the scientific name of the Longhorned Pygmy devil ray?

A

Mobula eregoodoo

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69
Q

What is the maximum size of the Longhorned Pygmy devil ray?

A

up to 1 m

70
Q

Where do you find the Longhorned Pygmy devil ray?

A

Mainly in the open ocean (pelagic)

71
Q

Do you find the Longhorned Pygmy devil ray in groups in solitary?

A
  • Commonly in schools but can be solitary
72
Q

What is the appearance of the Longhorned Pygmy devil ray?

A
  • Dorsal surface is brown with a dark brown or grey stripe along the anterior margin of pectoral fins
  • The ventral surface is white with a dark-grey to black triangular shape on the midpoint of the leading edge of the pectoral fin.
73
Q

What is the distinguishing feature on the Longhorned Pygmy devil ray?

A

Triangular black shading on the ventral side, at the mid-point of the leading edge of the pectoral fin

74
Q

What is the occurrence of the Longhorned Pygmy devil ray in Bira?

A

Extremely Rare

75
Q

What is the position of the Longhorned Pygmy Devil Ray in the water column?

A
  • Pelagic
  • Benthopelagic (in or around the reef)
76
Q

What is the IUCN status of the Longhorned Pygmy devil ray?

A

Endangered

77
Q

What is the scientific name of the Bentfin Devil ray?

A

Mobula thurstoni (Lloyd, 1908)

78
Q

What is the maximum size of the Bentfin Devil Ray?

A

up to 2.2 m

79
Q

Where do you find the Bentfin Devil ray?

A

Costal and open ocean

80
Q

Are the Bentfin Devil rays in groups or solitary?

A

Solitary or in small groups

81
Q

What is the appearance of the Bentfin Devil Ray?

A
  • Dorsal colour is dark mauve to blue-grey
  • Thick black band on the top of the head that stretches from eye to eye
  • Ventral surface is white with a silver-brown sheen on the distal ends of the pectoral fins
  • Anterior margin of the pectoral fins have a distinctive double curvature with black-grey shading on curve (Bentfin)
82
Q

What is the occurrence of the Bentfin Devil Ray in Bira?

A

Extremely rare

83
Q

What is the position in the water column of the Bentfin Devil Ray?

A
  • Pelagic
  • Benthopelagic (Reef)
84
Q

What is the IUCN status of the Bentfin Devil ray?

A
  • Endangered
85
Q

What is the scientific name of the spotted eagle ray?

A

Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl, 1823)

86
Q

What is the maximum size of the spotted eagle ray?

A

Up to 3 m but commonly up to 1.5 m

87
Q

Where do you find the spotted eagle ray?

A

In the outer reef to the open ocean

88
Q

Do you find the spotted eagle ray in groups or solitary?

A

Solitary or in small groups

89
Q

What is the appearance of the spotted eagle ray?

A
  • Grey-brown
  • Numerous white spots and white ventral side
  • Triangular wings
  • Protruding head
  • Multiple spines
90
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the spotted eagle ray?

A

Spotted dorsal side

91
Q

What is the occurrence of the spotted eagle ray in Bira?

A

common

92
Q

What is the position in the water column of the spotted eagle ray?

A
  • Benthopelgaic (reef)
  • pelagic
93
Q

What is the IUCN status of the spotted eagle ray?

A

Vulnerable

94
Q

What is the scientific name for the Javanese Cownose Ray?

A

Rhinoptera Javanica (Muller & Henle, 1841)

95
Q

What is the maximum size of the Javanese Cownose Ray?

A

up to 1.5 m

96
Q

Where do you find the Javanese Cownose ray?

A

Outer reefs to the open ocean

97
Q

Do you find the Javanese Cownose Ray in groups or solitary?

A

Solitary

98
Q

What is the appearance of the Javanese Cownose Ray?

A
  • Brown dorsal and white ventral side
  • Protruding head
  • Short slender tail
  • Single Spines
99
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the Javanese Cownose Ray?

A

Body shape

100
Q

What is the occurrence of the Javanese Cownose Ray in Bira?

A

Extremely rare

101
Q

Where in the water column do you find the Javanese Cownose Ray?

A
  • Pelagic
  • Benthopelagic (reef)
102
Q

What is the IUCN status of the Javanese Cownose Ray?

A

Vulnerable

103
Q

What is the scientific name of the Tahitian Stingray / Pink Whipray?

A

Pateobatis Fai (Jordan & Seale, 1906)

104
Q

What is the maximum size of the Tahitian Stingray/ pink whipray?

A

up to 1.8 m

105
Q

Where do you find the Tahitian Stingray/ Pink Whipray?

A

Benthic, associated with the reef and sandy bottoms

106
Q

Do you find the Tahitian Stingray / pink Whipray in groups or solitary?

A

Solitary or form schools, known to ‘piggyback’ onto other species of rays

107
Q

What is the appearance of the Tahitian Stingray / pink whipray?

A
  • light grey to pinkish brown, occasionally blotched or mottled
  • Snout blunty pointed
  • Rounded ‘wings’ and long tapered tail
108
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the Tahitian stingray/ pink whipray?

A
  • Long tail
  • No spines along the back, if spines are present then it is a Jenkins whipray
109
Q

What is the occurrence of the Tahitian stingray/ pink whipray in Bira?

A

Rare

110
Q

Where in the water column do you find the Tahitian stingray / pink whipray?

A

Benthic

111
Q

What is the IUCN status of the Tahitian Stingray/ Pink Whipray?

A

Vulnerable

112
Q

What is the scientific name of the Jenkins Whipray?

A

Pateobatis jenkinsii (Annandale, 1909)

113
Q

What is the maximum size of the Jenkins Whipray?

A

up to 1.3 m

114
Q

Where do you find the Jenkins whipray?

A

Benthic, associated with reefs and sandy bottoms

115
Q

Do you find the Jenkins Whipray in groups or solitary?

A

Mainly solitary

116
Q

What is the appearance of the Jenkins Whipray?

A
  • yellowish-brown stingray with a long tail
  • A row or enlarged spear-shaped thorns on the disc and tail. (if not present then a pink whipray/ Tahitian stingray).
117
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the Jenkins Whipray?

A

Spines along the back

118
Q

What is the occurrence of the Jenkins whipray in Bira?

A

Uncommon

119
Q

What is the scientific name of the Broad Cowtail Stingray?

A

Pastinachus ater (Macleay, 1883)

120
Q

What is the maximum size of the Broad Cowtail Stingray

A

up to 2 m

121
Q

Where do you find Broad Cowtail Stingrays?

A

Benthic; marine and brackish; reef-associated

122
Q

Do you find the Broad Cowtail Stingray in groups or solitary?

A

Solitary or form schools

123
Q

What is the appearance of the Broad Cowtail Stingray?

A
  • Large
  • uniformly dark
  • Dense band of blunt denticles over the central disc
  • Broad tail and flattened anteriorly
124
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the Broad Cowtail Stingray?

A
  • Broad tail
125
Q

What is the occurrence of the Broad Cowtail Stingray in Bira?

A

Rare

126
Q

Where in the water column do you find the Broad Cowtail Stingray?

A

Benthic

127
Q

What is the IUCN status of the Broad Cowtail Stingray?

A

Vulnerable

128
Q

What is the scientific name for the Blue-spotted Stingray?

A

Neotrygon sp.

129
Q

What is the maximum size of the blue-spotted stingray?

A

up to 70 cm, commonly 40 cm

130
Q

Where do you find the blue-spotted stingray?

A

Benthic; lagoon and outer slopes

131
Q

Do you find the blue-spotted stingray in groups or solitary?

A

Solitary or form schools

132
Q

What is the appearance of the blue-spotted stingray?

A
  • Brown to olive with blue spots and small black spots
  • Sharply rounded “wing”
  • Tail marked with white bards, longer than diameter of disc
  • Mask-like marking around the eyes
133
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the blue-spotted stingray?

A

Shape and mask-like marking around the eyes

134
Q

What is the occurrence of the blue-spotted stingray in Bira?

A

Common - there are multiple species in Indonesia, distribution is currently unclear

135
Q

What is the position in the water column of the blue-spotted stingray?

A

Benthic

136
Q

What is the IUCN status of the blue-spotted stingray?

A

Not evaluated

137
Q

What is the scientific name of the blue-spotted ribbontail Ray?

A

Taeniura lymma (Forsskal, 1775)

138
Q

What is the maximum size of the blue spotted ribbon-tail Ray

A

up to 35 cm

139
Q

Where do you find the blue-spotted Ribbon-tail Ray?

A

Benthic; sandy bottoms, under ledges

140
Q

Do you find the blue-spotted ribbon-tail ray in groups or solitary?

A

Solitary or form schools

141
Q

What is the appearance of the blue-spotted ribbon-tail ray?

A

Yellow-brown with numerous blue spots
- Flattened blue ribbon like tail about 1.5 times of disc width
- Have 2 spines

142
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the blue-spotted ribbontail Ray?

A

Blue ribbon tail

143
Q

What is the occurrence of the blue-spotted ribbon tail ray in Bira?

A

Common

144
Q

What is the position in the water column of the blue-spotted ribbon-tail ray?

A

Benthic

145
Q

What is the IUCN status of the blue-spotted ribbon-tail Ray?

A

Near Threatened

146
Q

What is the scientific name for the marbled stingray?

A

Taeniura meyeni (Muller & Henle, 1841)

147
Q

What is the maximum size of the marbled stingray?

A

up to 3.2 m

148
Q

Where do you find the marbled stingray?

A

Benthic and benthopelagic; reef-associated

149
Q

Do you find the marbled stingray in groups or solitary?

A

solitary

150
Q

What is the appearance of the marbled stingray?

A
  • Grey with variable pattern of dense black spots/blotches
  • Short tail, about the same length as the disc
  • Single Spine
151
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the marbled stingray?

A

Shape and dorsal pattern

152
Q

What is the position in the water column of the marbled stingray?

A

Benthic

153
Q

What is the IUCN status of the marbled stingray?

A

Vulnerable

154
Q

What is the scientific name of the Mangrove Whipray?

A

Urogymnus granulatus (Macleay, 1883)

155
Q

What is the maximum size of the Mangrove Whipray?

A

up to 1.4 m

156
Q

Where do you find the Mangrove Whipray?

A

Benthic; reef and mangrove associated

157
Q

Do you find mangrove whiprays alone or in groups?

A

Solitary

158
Q

What is the appearance of the mangrove Whipray?

A
  • Dark slate grey with white spots scattered and pale border on disc
  • Stingers usually 2) and white tail behind
  • Found near mangrove areas
159
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the Mangrove Whipray?

A

White tail

160
Q

What is the occurrence of the Mangrove Whipray in Bira?

A

Rare

161
Q

What is the position in the water column of the Mangrove Whipray?

A

Benthic

162
Q

What is the IUCN status of the Mangrove Whipray?

A

vulnerable

163
Q

What is the scientific name of the Bowmouth Guitarfish?

A

Rhina ancylostoma (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

164
Q

What is the size of the Bowmouth Guitarfish?

A

up to 3m

165
Q

Where do you find the Bowmouth Guitarfish?

A

Coastal seas, reef associated

166
Q

Do you find the Bowmouth Guitarfish in groups or solitary?

A

Solitary

167
Q

What is the appearance of the Bowmouth Guitarfish?

A
  • Large grey shark-like ray
  • Broad rounded head with body ridges above the eyes and along the centre line
  • Large broad-based pectoral fins
  • White spotting on the body and fins
168
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the Bowmouth Guitarfish?

A

Body shape

169
Q

What is the occurrence of the Bowmouth Guitarfish in Bira?

A

Extremely rare

170
Q

What is the position in the water column of the Bowmouth Guitarfish?

A
  • Benthic
  • Benthopelagic (reef)
171
Q

What is the IUCN status of the Bowmouth Guitarfish?

A

Critically endangered

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