turning points

Question 1

printing press

Answer 1

1439

ideas spread easier, cheaper, quicker
more permanent

limited to those who could read

without it, many ideas wouldn’t have spread

Question 2

harvey’s discovery of circulation

Answer 2

1628

modern surgery based on it
Galen wrong

couldn’t be used at the time

key to modern understanding/surgery

Question 3

jenner’s vaccination

Answer 3

1799

small pox eradicated
proved inoculation
millions of lives saved

couldn’t explain how it worked

Question 4

simpson’s use of chloroform

Answer 4

1847

improved quality of surgery( patients were pain free)
more confidence in surgeons
death from shock reduced

Question 5

nightingale’s hospital reforms

Answer 5

1850s

established army hospital in Crimean war
notes on nursing
first training school for nurses

didn’t believe nurses should treat patients

role model

Question 6

pasteur’s germ theory

Answer 6

1861

destroyed belief in miasma and 4 humours
lead to koch identifying germs of diff diseases
improvements in cures

needed other people to develop idea

affects every part of medicine

Question 7

listor’s use of carbolic spray

Answer 7

1867

deaths from surgery reduced- 46% to 15%

Question 8

2nd public health act

Answer 8

1875

first time govt took responsibility for welfare of the people
politicians could now be held accountable

improvements were still needed

Question 9

development of penicillin

Answer 9

1928/1940s

first time blood poisoning could be effectively treated
british and us govt invested in mass production of it

now finding out problems of antibiotic resistant disease

Question 10

introduction of NHS

Answer 10

1948

first time govt took care of people from ‘cradle to the grave’
everyone receive same care
when first founded life expectancy for men- 66, now 77. women- 71, now 82