Turning Flashcards
Explain how centripetal force is created?
In a curved path, a body has a natural tendency to travel in a straight line (fly off at a tangent)
A force acts on the body to keep it towards the centre of the turn
This force is the centripetal force
In a turning aircraft, what does the centripetal force consist of?
The horizontal component of the lift force
In a turning aircraft, the horizontal component of the lift force creates what?
Centripetal force
Why is the lift force in a level turn greater than the lift force when flying straight and level?
In a turn, the vertical component of lift reduces as horizontal component increases
In a changing turn, the lift required increases. What is happening?
The turn is becoming steeper
What happens to load factor in a turn?
Load factor increases as bank angle increases
When does Lift = Weight?
Straight and level flight
L=W=1 means that G-force is?
1g
When does L = 2W in turns?
60 degrees bank
60 degrees bank results in what g-force?
2g
What ratio is load factor?
Ratio of lift force produced by the wings compared to the weight force of the aeroplane
The ratio of lift force produced by the wings compared to the weight force of the aeroplane is known as?
Load factor
Load factor in 30 degree banked turn?
1.15g
Load factor in a 70 degree banked turn?
3g
Load factor in an 80 degree banked turn?
6g
1.15g in a turn is at what bank?
30 degrees
3g in a turn is at what bank?
70 degrees
6g in a turn is at what bank?
80 degrees
What occurs in a 90 degree banked turn?
Lift force is horizontal and height cannot be maintained
A load factor of 2 essentially means that…
The wings have to produce a lift force equal to double the weight to maintain height
Why does airspeed reduce in a turn?
AoA increases in a turn to maintain height
Greater AoA means greater induced drag
Why does stalling speed increase in a turn?
In a turn, the AoA is higher than that in straight and level flight
Stalling AoA will be reached at a higher speed in a turn
At 30 degrees of bank, stall speed increases by how much?
7%
At 45 degrees of bank, stall speed increases by how much?
19%
At 60 degrees of bank, stall speed increases by how much?
41%
At 75 degrees of bank, stall speed increases by how much?
100%
At what degree of bank does stalling speed double?
75 degrees
When does overbank occur?
In level and climbing turns
How does overbank occur?
The outer wing travels faster in a turn and has a higher AoA, producing further bank
When can underbank occur?
In descending turns
How does underbank occur?
Inner wing travels a smaller horizontal distance for the same height loss
Inner wing therefore has higher AoA
Inner wing produces more lift
In a descending turn, why may the inner wing produce more lift?
The inner wing will travel a smaller distance for the same height loss as the outer wing
This means the inner wing has a greater AoA and therefore lift
What effects turns the nose away from the turn?
Aileron drag
How does aileron drag occur?
Aileron on outer wing produces more lift but also more induced drag
Induced drag will yaw the nose away from the turn
What kind of turn results from aileron drag?
Slipping turn
A slipping turn is caused by what effect?
Aileron drag
Opposite of slipping turn?
Skidding turn
If a turn results in the nose pointing further in towards the turn relative to the turn itself, what kind of turn is occuring?
Skidding turn
Relationship of airspeed and tightness of turn
The lower the airspeed, the tighter the turn
What are variables in a constant angle turn?
Radius of turn and airspeed
What are variables in a constant radius turn?
Bank angle and airspeed
What are variables in a constant speed turn?
Bank angle and radius of turn
Measurement of a rate of turn?
Degrees per second
What is a rate-1 turn?
3 degrees per second turn
A rate-1 turn will do 180 degrees in how long?
1 minute
A rate-1 turn will do 360 degrees in how long?
2 minutes
A rate-1 turn will do how much in 1 minute?
180 degrees
A rate-1 turn will do how much in 2 minutes?
360 degrees
Rate-1 turn at 100 knots?
17 degrees
Rule of thumb for calculating rate-1 turn in knots
Airspeed / 10 + 7
What is a rate-2 turn?
6 degrees per second
