Turnhout ch1-3

Question 1

Describe Karl Popper’s demarcation through the refutation principle

(4)

Demarcation = avgränsning
Refutation = motbevisa

Answer 1

• Science works with falsifiable hypotheses
• Scientists should not look for facts that confirm theories about the world
• Scientists should articulate claims about the world in such a way that they are open to challenge - and then try to refute the claim
• Should not let every white swan prove that all swans are white, but rather look for black swans and try to refute our theory. Until we find a black swan, we can cautiosuly assume that all swans are white

Question 2

Four values of science according to Merton

Answer 2

• knowledge should be Communally shared
• knowledge should not be tainted by particular characteristics of the scientist - it should be Universal
• the production of knowledge should be done in the spirit of Disinterestedness
• knowledge should be subject to systematic and critical scrutiny by peers through Organised Sceptisism

Question 3

How do Turnhout use “framing”

Answer 3

To refer to how people interpret and understand situations

Question 4

What is the purpose of frames? / What do frames do

(9)

Answer 4

• Identify and give meaning to a situation by defining: what it is, what facts are most relevant and what other situation it is related to
• Help people identify what matters in the world
• Focus attention on which of available facts matter
• Help make sense of comlex situations
• Indicate what is valuable
• Indicate how situations should be understood
• Reduce complexity
• Tell us how we should interpret a situation
• Point to which forms of knowledge are relevant

Question 5

Describe 3 strategies of how one can identify frames

Answer 5

• Indentify what is included and excluded
• Identify metaphors
• Identify storylines - the narrative