TURGEON (5TH ED. | ERYTHROCYTE MATURATION, PHYSIOLOGY, AND LIFECYCLE Flashcards

1
Q

What are the (4) characteristics of a mature erythrocyte?

A

1) Biconcave disc
2) Has a central pallor (1/3 of the cell)
3) Soft
4) Pliable

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2
Q

The central pallor of a mature erythrocyte occupies what size of the cell?

A

1/3

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3
Q

In a mature erythrocyte, what are the (2) components that perform the function of oxygen-carbon dioxide transport?

A

1) Respiratory protein
2) Hgb

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4
Q

What is the average life span of a mature erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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5
Q

What is the purpose of a mature erythrocyte being pliable?

A

For it to move w/ ease through the tissue capillaries and splenic circulation

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6
Q

What happens as RBCs ages?

A

Cytoplasmic enzymes are catabolized -> increased membrane rigidity (density), phagocytosis, and destruction

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7
Q

What is the process of erythrocyte production?

A

Erythropoiesis

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8
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Differentiation from the HSC to mature erythrocyte

Epitomizes highly specialized cellular differentiation and gene expression

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9
Q

True or False

As cells progress through the stages of erythropoiesis, their potential to differentiate into lymphoid or other cell types is restricted

A

True

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10
Q

What comprises 95% of the total cellular protein of erythrocytes?

A

Hgb

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11
Q

Erythropoiesis is regulated by combined actions of what (2) components?

A

1) Cytokine signaling pathways
2) Transcription factors

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Molecular regulators of erythropoiesis can be categorized as those committing pluripotent precursors to an erythroid fate and those regulating the differentiation of erythroid progenitors into erythrocytes

A

True

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13
Q

What are molecular chaperones?

A

1) A diverse group of proteins
2) Important in red cell maturation

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14
Q

Molecular chaperones influence all aspects of normal cellular function including what (4) components?

A

1) Signaling
2) Transcription
3) Cell division
4) Apoptosis

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15
Q

What is the process of hematopoiesis?

A

Begins w/ the development of primitive erythrocytes in the embryonic yolk sac -> continues in extramedullary organs such as the liver in the developing fetus -> ultimately located in the red bone marrow during late fetal development, childhood, and adult life

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16
Q

What are the (2) functions of heme?

A
  1. Transport of oxygen to the tissues
  2. Transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues
17
Q

What is heme?

A

A pigment in hgb

18
Q

When is heme synthesized?

A

It is synthesized as the erythrocyte matures

19
Q

What are the (8) basic substances needed for normal erythrocyte and hgb production?

A
  1. Amino acids (proteins)
  2. Iron
  3. Vitamin B₁₂
  4. Vitamin B₆
  5. Folic acid
  6. Trace minerals
    i. Cobalt
    ii. Nickel
20
Q

What is a member of the vitamin B₂ complex?

A

Folic acid

21
Q

In adult humans, how many mg of elemental iron are needed for the daily production of > 200 billion erythrocytes?

A

> 20 mg elemental iron

22
Q

> 20 mg of elemental iron are required for the daily production of > 200 billion erythrocytes, where does the majority of this iron came from?

A

From the recycling of senescent erythrocytes by macrophages of the mononuclear phagocytic system

23
Q

Where does the 1 - 2 mg of daily iron supply come from (for the daily production of erythrocytes)?

A

They are derived from the intestinal absorption (which at steady state is sufficient only to replace iron lost by epithelial cell sloughing and functional and dysfunctional bleeding)

24
Q

In what countries is defective erythropoiesis frequently seen?

A

Underdeveloped countries (where protein deficiencies are common)

25
Q

Other types of anemias can be caused by deficiencies in what (3) components?

A
  1. Vitamin B₁₂
  2. Folic acid
  3. Iron
26
Q

Erythropoietin is primarily produced by what?

A

Kidneys

27
Q

At what site in the kidneys is erythropoietin produced?

A

Peritubular cells

28
Q

Aside from the kidneys, what is the extrarenal organ that also produces erythropoietin?

A

Liver

29
Q

How many percent of erythropoietin production occurs in the liver?

A

10 - 15%

30
Q

What is the primary source of erythropoietin in the unborn?

A

10 - 15% production in the liver

31
Q

What are the (2) characteristics of erythropoietin?

A
  1. Glycoprotein hormone
  2. MW = 46,000
32
Q

What are the (2) actions / functions of erythropoietin?

A
  1. Stimulates erythropoiesis
  2. Can cross the placental barrier between mother and fetus
33
Q

What was the first human hematopoietic factor to be identified?

A

Erythropoietin

34
Q

The gene for erythropoietin is located in what chromosome?

A

7

35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Blood levels of erythropoietin are directly related to tissue oxygenation

A

False, blood levels of erythropoietin are inversely relatead to tissue oxygenation

36
Q

What are the (2) situations where blood levels of erythropoietin can increase up to 20,000 mU/mL?

A

In response to:
1. Anemia
2. Arterial hypoxemia

37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Erythropoietin is detectable in the serum

A

False, erythropoietin is detectable in the plasma

38
Q

What is the normal concentration of erythropoietin in the plasma?

A

Up to 20 mU/mL

39
Q
A