Turco 1 Flashcards
Anabolism and catabolism
Ana - biosyntehsis of organic matter (requires E)
Cata - breakdown (to obtain E)
Breakdown of carbs (big pic)_
Carbs broken down into sugars Sugars broken down into pyruvate (no Cs lost during clycolysis) Pyruvate to acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA to CAC Sends to ETC to water
Breakdown of fats
Triglycerides only…taken to acetyl CoA
Breakdown of proteins
Taken to pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or into CAC…NH3 = byproduct
Triglyceride membrane transport
CANNOT go throguh membrane…must be broken down by pancreatic lipase…fatty acids can then enter cells
Ammonia trasnport
Needs to get from liver or muscle to the kidney via the bloodstrewam
Ammonia effect on pH
Increase becasue forms NH4+ when reacts with H2O and produces OH- acting as a base
Why does body need E
Muscle contraction
Biosynthesis
Active trasnport systems
Blood glucose curve description
Peak at 45 (height depends on meal)
Back to normal at 90
Normal is 5 mM or 90 mg/dL
When will blood sugar spike again?
After next carb consumed
How much glucose can body absorb?
Will absorb ALL of the glucose that you eat
During 1st 90 minutes, hormone present
Insulin
How is glucose absorbed by mucosa?
Active transport
GLUT 1/3
Most cells, zero order…constant…brain
GLUT2
Liver…1st order…concentration dependent
Also in kidney so you do not urinatye glucose
Also in beta cells to alert beta cells of high glucose meals
GLUT 4
Muscle and adipocytes
Purpose of 1st step of glycolysis
Phosphorylation means you cannot move it back out of the cell
Glycolysis main points
Only anaeraboci ATP generation
Key is regen of NAD+
ATP net of 2
Hexokinase reaction
Glucose to glucose-6phosphate using ATP
Glucokinase does same in the liver
Regulated by glucose-6-phosphate
glucokinase positively regulated by insulin on genomic level
PFK1 reaction
Fructose-6-phosphate to frucose 1,6, bisphosphate using ATP
Positive regulation by AMP and negative regulatio nby citrate and ATP
Pyruvate kinase reaction
PEP (highest energy molecule in cells) to pyruvate
Creates ATP
Example of substrate level phosphoryklation
Pyruvate kinase deficiency most often causes
Hemolytic anemia
RBC pathways
Glycolysis and hexose monphosphate shunt (reason why body cares about blood glucose concentration)
Both paths start with glucose
Effect of PK deficiency on RBCs
Decreased ATP, cation pumps and eventually membrane stability
Mutation of PK deficiency
Missense mutation leading to partial enzyme defect
Why are only RBCs mostly affected by PK defieincy
Erythrocytes do not have any other ways to generate ATP…totally dependnet on glycolysis for ATP
What saves your life during ischmic event?
Glycolysis - doesn’t need O2
