Turco 1

Question 1

Anabolism and catabolism

Answer 1

Ana - biosyntehsis of organic matter (requires E)

Cata - breakdown (to obtain E)

Question 2

Breakdown of carbs (big pic)_

Answer 2

Carbs broken down into sugars
Sugars broken down into pyruvate (no Cs lost during clycolysis)
Pyruvate to acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA to CAC
Sends to ETC to water

Question 3

Breakdown of fats

Answer 3

Triglycerides only…taken to acetyl CoA

Question 4

Breakdown of proteins

Answer 4

Taken to pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or into CAC…NH3 = byproduct

Question 5

Triglyceride membrane transport

Answer 5

CANNOT go throguh membrane…must be broken down by pancreatic lipase…fatty acids can then enter cells

Question 6

Ammonia trasnport

Answer 6

Needs to get from liver or muscle to the kidney via the bloodstrewam

Question 7

Ammonia effect on pH

Answer 7

Increase becasue forms NH4+ when reacts with H2O and produces OH- acting as a base

Question 8

Why does body need E

Answer 8

Muscle contraction
Biosynthesis
Active trasnport systems

Question 9

Blood glucose curve description

Answer 9

Peak at 45 (height depends on meal)
Back to normal at 90
Normal is 5 mM or 90 mg/dL

Question 10

When will blood sugar spike again?

Answer 10

After next carb consumed

Question 11

How much glucose can body absorb?

Answer 11

Will absorb ALL of the glucose that you eat

Question 12

During 1st 90 minutes, hormone present

Answer 12

Insulin

Question 13

How is glucose absorbed by mucosa?

Answer 13

Active transport

Question 14

GLUT 1/3

Answer 14

Most cells, zero order…constant…brain

Question 15

GLUT2

Answer 15

Liver…1st order…concentration dependent
Also in kidney so you do not urinatye glucose
Also in beta cells to alert beta cells of high glucose meals

Question 16

GLUT 4

Answer 16

Muscle and adipocytes

Question 17

Purpose of 1st step of glycolysis

Answer 17

Phosphorylation means you cannot move it back out of the cell

Question 18

Glycolysis main points

Answer 18

Only anaeraboci ATP generation
Key is regen of NAD+
ATP net of 2

Question 19

Hexokinase reaction

Answer 19

Glucose to glucose-6phosphate using ATP
Glucokinase does same in the liver
Regulated by glucose-6-phosphate
glucokinase positively regulated by insulin on genomic level

Question 20

PFK1 reaction

Answer 20

Fructose-6-phosphate to frucose 1,6, bisphosphate using ATP

Positive regulation by AMP and negative regulatio nby citrate and ATP

Question 21

Pyruvate kinase reaction

Answer 21

PEP (highest energy molecule in cells) to pyruvate
Creates ATP
Example of substrate level phosphoryklation

Question 22

Pyruvate kinase deficiency most often causes

Answer 22

Hemolytic anemia

Question 23

RBC pathways

Answer 23

Glycolysis and hexose monphosphate shunt (reason why body cares about blood glucose concentration)
Both paths start with glucose

Question 24

Effect of PK deficiency on RBCs

Answer 24

Decreased ATP, cation pumps and eventually membrane stability

Question 25

Mutation of PK deficiency

Answer 25

Missense mutation leading to partial enzyme defect

Question 26

Why are only RBCs mostly affected by PK defieincy

Answer 26

Erythrocytes do not have any other ways to generate ATP…totally dependnet on glycolysis for ATP

Question 27

What saves your life during ischmic event?

Answer 27

Glycolysis - doesn’t need O2