Turbulence

Question 1

Hwo does turbulence effect an aircraft?

Answer 1

Change in lift
may exceed buffet limits
may exceed structural limits
pressure alt errors

Question 2

Clear Air turbulence?

Answer 2

No outside visual clues
typcially near a jetstream
around upper level troughs!
Mountain waves

Question 3

Thunderstorm turbulence?

Answer 3

caused by convective currents due to insolation

follows daily rythm

different land surfaces will convect differently.

Question 4

Wake turbulence?

Answer 4

caused by wing tip vortices

strength depends on wieght and size of aircraft

can cause gusts upto 20,000 ft/min!!

Question 5

Mechanical/ Friction turbulences?

Answer 5

caused by physical obstructions and surface friction.

can occur all day everyday.

Question 6

Mountain waves?

Answer 6

a form of clear air turbulence.

turbulent waves can form downwind and above a mountain range.

wavelength:5-50km

amplitude affected by: windspeed, temp, shape.

upto 5000 ft/min!

conditions needed: stable conditions. wind at 90* to mountain.

Question 7

Wind shear?

Answer 7

Rapid change in wind speed and direction. Including up and downdraughts of significant force.

Can pose huge challange/risk to pilots as difficult to wrestle. best defence is AVOIDANCE.

can occur with: Thunderstorms, passing of a front, marked temp inversion, turbulent boundary layer.