Tumours of the liver Flashcards

1
Q

Normal structure of the liver (parenchyma)

A

Parenchyma is where hepatocytes are found

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2
Q

What are contained within the portal tracts of the liver?

A

Bile ducts
Blood vessels
Fibroblasts
Inflammatory cells

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3
Q

Primary tumours of the liver can originate from which cells?

A

Hepatocytes

Bile ducts

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4
Q

Benign tumours of the liver are called

A

Adenoma

multiple are called adenomatosis

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5
Q

What are liver adenomas driven by?

A

Often driven by exogenous steroids (eg OCP, anabolic steroids)

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6
Q

What does rupture of adenomas of the liver cause?

A

Haemoperitneum

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7
Q

Adenoma of the bile duct is

A

Meyenberg complex

Benign proliferation of bile duct cells

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8
Q

How do bile duct adenomas appear?

A

Tiny white nodules

Grossly appear like metastases

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9
Q

What is a haemangioma?

A

tumours of the blood vessels

found in 1% of the population

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10
Q

What is focal nodular hyperplasia?

A

Regenerative arterialised nodule found in young females (20-40y/o)

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11
Q

What is a malignant liver tumour called?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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12
Q

Where do Hepatocellular carcinomas usually arise?

A

Cirrhosis

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13
Q

Incidence of Hepatocellular carcinoma is increasing due to which diseases?

A

In the East - Hep C/Hep B

West - cirrhosis due to alcoholism

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14
Q

What is Hepatocellular carcinoma composed of and what do they secrete?

A

May contain liver-origin substances eg. Bile, Antitrypsin globules

Secrete AFP which can be detected in the blood and measured

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15
Q

What is a cholangiocarcinoma?

A

Malignant tumour of the bile duct cells

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16
Q

What is cholangiocarcinoma due to?

A

Chronic inflammation e.g. PSC/liver fluke

17
Q

Nature of cholangiocarcinoma

A

Aggressive

Difficult to resect at the hilum of the liver

18
Q

What is angiosarcoma?

A

Aggressive tumour of blood vessels

Strongly associated with toxins like:

Vinyl chloride (records)
Thorotrast (contrast agent)
19
Q

Secondary tumours of the liver are caused by

A

metastases of liver tumour

20
Q

Commonest sites of secondary liver tumours

A

Lung
Breast
Colon
Pancreas

21
Q

What surgery is used for metastatic carcinomas?

A

Ultrasound, heat, tissue glue, clips – prevent haemorrhage

Intra-operative ultrasound – see where you are cutting

22
Q

Gallbladder pathology is caused by…

A

Cholesterol, bile salts, bacterial growth + calcification

Slowly form a stone (calculus)

23
Q

Risk factors of gallstone pathology

A

female,
middle aged,
overweight

24
Q

Clinical features of gallstone pathology

A

Asymptomatic

Crampy pain

25
Complications of gallstone pathology
Obstruction at neck – pain; Obstruction at common bile duct – jaundice Chronic cholecystitis Perforation Obstruction at pancreatic level – pancreatitis
26
What is Chronic cholecystitis?
Inflammation of the gallbladder Due to chemical or bacterial causes Over time causes fibrosis, ulceration of gallbladder
27
Clinical features of Chronic cholecystitis
Pain Fever Jaundice
28
Diagnosis methods of Chronic cholecystitis
Ultra sound scan (bc 25% are visible on x ray)
29
Treatment of chronic cholecystitis
Cholecystectomy