Respiratory Pathology Flashcards
Roughly what percentage of deaths in England and Wales involve some respiratory pathology?
20.4%
What epithelium covers the conducting airways of the lungs?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar mucous secreting epithelium
What is the epithelium of the alveoli?
Mostly flat type 1 pneumocytes (gas exchange) and some rounded type 2 pneumocytes (surfactant production)
What is the defines respiratory failure?
PaO2
What are the basic reasons for respiratory failure?
Due to defective:
1) Ventilation
2) Perfusion
3) Gas exchange
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 respiratory failure?
Type 1 = paCO26.3kPa, hypercapnic respiratory drive
When does weight loss commonly occur in respiratory disease?
Catabolic state with chronic inflammation or tumours
What causes cyanosis?
Decreased oxygenation of haemoglobin
What does pleuritic pain indicate at a basic level?
Irritation of pleura
What kind of obstruction does stridor v wheeze indicate?
Stridor - proximal airway obstruction
Wheeze - distal airway obstruction
On auscultation of the lungs what abnormality do crackles indicate?
Resisted opening of airways
On auscultation what abnormality does a wheeze indicate?
Narrowed small airways
On auscultation what abnormality does bronchial breathing indicate?
Sound conduction through a solid lung
On auscultation what abnormality does pleural rub indicate?
Relative movement of inflamed visceral and parietal pleura
What does dullness on percussion indicate?
Lung consolidation or pleural effusion
What does hyperesonance on percussion indicate?
Pneumothorax or emphysema
Name 2 common lung infections?
1) Pneumonia
2) TB
Name 2 obstructive airway diseases?
1) Asthma
2) COPD
Name 3 interstitial lung diseases?
1) Adult respiratory distress syndrome
2) Fibrosing alveolitis
3) Sarcoidosis
Name 2 vascular lung diseases?
1) PE
2) Pulmonary hypertension
Name a pleural disease?
Pleural mesothelioma
Name a benign lung tumour?
Adenochondroma
What percentage of primary lung tumours are malignant carcinomas?
90%
What percentage of lung carcinomas are due to smoking?
80%