Tumour Pathology 3 Flashcards
What are the local effects of malignant tumours?
- Obstruction
- Pressure
- Tissue destruction (ulceration, infection)
- Bleeding (anaemia and haemorrhage)
What are the local effects of benign tumours?
- Obstructions
- Pressure
What are the systemic effects of cancer?
- Weight loss (cancer cachexia)
- Normal and abnormal secretion of hormones
- Paraneoplastic syndromes
- Treatment effects
What is meant by normal and abnormal hormone secretion?
Normal hormone secretion:
- Abnormal production and secretion of hormones from tumours of endocrine organs
Abnormal hormone release:
- Hormones produced and released from tissues that do not normally produce hormone
What are examples of hormones of abnormal secretion?
ACTH and ADH in lung cancer
What are paraneoplastic syndromes?
Immune mechanisms that result in the production of hormones and growth factors
Why is early detection of cancer important?
Reduction of morbidity/mortality
Prevention of morbidity/mortality
What does early detection of cancer refer to?
Detection of cancer before the invasive stage
What is dysplasia 1?
Earliest change in malignancy stage that can be visualized.
pre-malignant stage
Where is dysplasia 1 found?
Epithelium
Is dysplasia invasive?
No, but It can progress into cancer
What are characteristics of dysplasia?
No invasion
Increased nuclear size
Increased mitotic activity
Abnormal mitoses
What do we consider as effective testing?
sensitive
acceptable
What is an example of an effective test and what is its purpose?
Cervical cancer screening
Reduce the incidence of squamous carcinoma on cervix epithelial cells
