Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Tumour pathology > Tumour Pathology 2 > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are characteristics of cancer cells?

A
  1. Deactivation of tumour suppressor genes
  2. Activation of oncogenes
  3. Change of cellular functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are examples of tumour suppressor genes?

A
  • Adenomatous Polyposis
  • BRCA 1
  • Retinoblastomas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are examples of oncogenes?

A
  • B-raf
  • N-ras
  • K-ras
  • Cyclin D1
  • ErB2
  • c-Myc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the broad types of tumour biomarkers?

A
  • Oncofetal proteins
  • Oncogenes
  • Growth factors and receptors
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are examples of tumour biomarkers?

A
  • Alpha-fetoprotein
  • carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
  • Oestrogen Receptor
  • Prostate Specific Antigen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does Alpha-fetoprotein cause?

A

Teratomas in testes

Hepatocellular cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) cause ?

A

Colorectal cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does Prostate antigen cause?

A

Prostate cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does oestrogen receptor cause?

A

Breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the morphology of cancer cells?

A

Cellular and nuclear pleomorphism

They can carry out mitosis but abnormally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the changes in cellular functions of cancer cells?

A

Loss of cell-cell adhesion
Alteration of cell-matrix adhesion
Gain of tumour related protein biomarkers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does cellular and nuclear pleomorphism refer to in cancer cells?

A

Great difference in size and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do tumours grow?

A
  • Balance between angiogenesis and apoptosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is tumour angiogenesis and how does it benefit tumours?

A

Angiogenesis refers to the growth of blood vessels inside tumours which provide tumours with nutrients enhancing tumour growth.
It also gives a root of entrance for the tumour inside the blood stream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is angiogenesis bad for clinical purposes ?

A

Poorer prognosis

more blood vessels in tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is tumour apoptosis ?

A

Programmed cell death

17
Q

How is tumour apoptosis brought about?

A

By radiotherapy and chemotherapy

18
Q

Describe how spread of cancer occurs

A
  • Increased matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes

- Altered cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion

19
Q

Is spread of cancer a multi- or mono- step process

A

Multi-step process

20
Q

What are the various modes of spread of cancer?

A
  • Local
  • Lymphatic
  • Blood
  • Trans-coelomic
21
Q

What is trans-coelomic mode of transfer and in which spaces does it occur ?

A

Penetration of surfaces of peritoneal, pleural, pericardial and subarachnoid spaces

22
Q

How is cancer spread through blood vessels?

A
  • Malignant invasion into the connective tissue
  • Adherence to blood vessels
  • Invasion into blood vessels
  • Tissue invasion
  • Metastasis
23
Q

What type of spread is trans-coelomic spread and what types of tumours relate to it?

A

Local transfer

  • Lungs
  • Stomach
  • Colon
  • Ovary
24
Q

What is meant by metastatic niche?

A

Metastatic sites do not depend on blood flow in tumours but in tissue and tumour related factors

25
Q

What does prognosis depend on?

A

degree of spread of cancer

26
Q

What are common sites of metastasis?

A
  • Lungs
  • Adrenal glands
  • Brain
  • peritoneum
  • Liver
  • Bone axial skeleton
27
Q

Which is the site of ovarian teratoma?

A

Peritoneum

28
Q

What is the tumour found in the peritoneum ?

A

Ovarian teratoma

29
Q

Where is breast tumour found?

A

Bone

30
Q

Where is prostate tumour found?

A

Bone

31
Q

What types of tumours are found in bone ?

A

Breast and Prostate cancer

32
Q

Where is liver tumour found?

A

Colorectal site

33
Q

What type of tumour is found in the colorectal site?

A

Liver

Tumour pathology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions