Tumour Names and Carcinogenesis Flashcards by Chris Gillman-Wells

what is the SPIKES protocol

protocol for delivering bad news to patients

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what are some examples of tumour classifications

benign/malignant, histological origin, primary or secondary

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what are some examples of histological classifications of tumours

epithelial, mesenchymal, haematological

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what is a papilloma

benign epithelial non glandular surface tumour

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what is an adenoma

benign epithelial surface tumour - glandular

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what is a carcinoma

malignant epithelial tumour

if it is secretory it is an adenocarcinoma

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what do these prefixes mean for tumours 
leiomyo-
rhabdomyo-
lipo-
angio-
osteo-
chondro-
fibro-

smooth muscle 
skeletal muscle 
adipose
blood vessel 
bone
cartilage 
fibrous

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preceded with the tissue of origin what does -oma mean in cancers

benign mesenchymal tumour

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what do you suffix for a malignant mesenchymal tumour

sarcoma

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what are some examples of benign melanocytic lesions

lentigo (brown patches) or melanocytes naevi (moles)

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what is a melanoma

malignant melanocytic tumour

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what are cancers of these CNS regions called 
meninges 
astrocytes 
oligodendroglial 
ependymal 
neurones

meningioma 
astrocytoma / glioblastoma 
oligodendroglioma 
ependymoma 
medulloblastoma

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what are germ cells tumours

arise from cells in the gonads or the midline

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what are the common types of germ cell cancers in men and women

ovaries - usually benign (dysgerminoma)

testies - usually malignant (seminoma)

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what are the three haematological malignancies

leukaemias (chronic/acute) - from bone marrow derived cells ie lymphocytic/lymphoblastic vs myeloid/myelogenous (other haematological cells)
myeloma (plasma cells)
lymphomas (lymph node cells)

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what is a hamartoma

benign, non-neoplastic tissue overgrowth (incidentaloma)
consists of at least 2 mature cell types normally found in the organ site
(disorganised mass)

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what is a lung harmatoma

bronchial epithelium and cartilage cancer

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what is a choristoma

non-neoplastic tissue, benign with histologically normal cells
normal cells but aggregated in the wrong place such as ocular choristoma
derived from germ cell layers

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what do we call cancers made up of multiple cell types an give example

compound name
eg benign - angiolipoma
malignant - carcinosarcoma

give an example of a tumour with a cystic component

cystadenoma

what is the difference between primary and secondary metastatic

primary cancer = at site of origin

secondary = metastatic, still aimed with origin but can be different grades

what are some examples of carcinogens of human cancer

chemicals and mineral - asbestos, heavy metals, nitrosamines
infectious agents, viruses and parasites (HPV, EBV, H pylori)
radiation - UV, radon
Physiological, hormones - oestrogen and androgens

what is a carcinogen

any agent that significantly increases the risk of developing cancer

what does genotoxic mean

chemically modify or damage dna ie initiators of cancer

what is a complete carcinogen

something that can promote and initiate cancer such as UV light

what does initiation of cancer require

chemical modification of DNA | replication of modified DNA and mis-incorporation by DNA polymerase

how do promoters contribute to carcinogenesis

stimulate the two rounds of DNA replication required for mutation and fixation can stimulate clonal expansion of mutated cells

describe the process of initiation, promotion and progression

genotoxic agents interact directly or indirectly with DNA to alter DNA sequence non-genotoxic agents (promoting agents) can be cytotoxic which result in cell death and stimulate cell division in surviving cells continuous action by promoting agents accumulates mutations which progress the cancer from benign to malignant

what is the risk of cancer directly related to

levels of cell division

what are the types of point mutations

missense, non-sesne muttons that make protein products more active or less active frameshift and loss of function

what are the common genetic abnormalities that can lead to cancer

gene amplification - excess and gain of function chromosomal translocations aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell)

what are the two types of mutational consequences

gain in function - activation of protocol-oncognese | loss in function - inactivation of tumour suppressor genes

what is the most common epigenetic consequence of genetic mutation

methylation of gene promoters ie CpG islands

what are the two types of metabolic inactivation in cancer

direct acting - eg Uv directly interacting with DNA pro carcinogens - require enzymatic activation before they can react with DNA

how does benzopyrene cause cancer

can be generated through combustion of organic material such as tobacco or meat - it is a procarcinogen which requires TP53 to be activated in the body

how are defects in NER linked to cancer

defects in nucleotide excision repair leads to xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) which is a rare inherited direr characterised by sensitivity to UV leading to high frequency of skin cancers

how does the ATM gene link cancer

defects in ATM lead to ataxia telangiectasia - autosomal recessive disorder, increases incidence of cancers

what happens if there is a defect in the repair genes MSH2 and MLH1

leads to hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) lifetime increase in the risk of developing colorectal and other cancers

genetic polymorphisms in what types of enzymes can lead to increase in risk of cancers

metabolic activation, detoxifying, DNA repair

what about tobacco smoke increases risk of cancer

33 carcinogens polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons eg benzopyrene, acrolein, nitrosamines, radioactive lead and polonium heavy metals

what is the increase risk of cancer with mixing alcohol and smoking

100x for head and neck cancer

how is alcohol linked to cancer

oral, oesophageal, bowel and liver cancer converted to acetaldehyde - can cause dna damage increase levels of oestrogen and testosterone increase uptake of carcinogenic chemicals reduces levels of folate can kill surface epithelium = more proliferation

what is the role of oestrogen in breast cancer

increased exposure to oestrogen can stimulate cell division and induce cell damage

how is breast cancer risk associated with menarche

each year the vey first time you start menstruating the risk of breast cancer decreases by 20%

how do oophorectomy and orchiectomy affect cancer rates

removal of ovaries reduces risk of breast cancer by 90% removal of testies reduces prostate cancer incidence

how does chronic inflammation affect risk of cancer

DNA damage from release of free radicals by immune cells which is the initiation growth factor induced cell division to repair tissue damage cause by the inflammation is the promotion

what are the top 6 cause of cancer

``` diet tobacco infection reprod behaviours occupation alcohol ```