Classification, Structure and Replication of Microorgamisms Flashcards

1
Q

which two species of “microorganisms” don’t count as organisms

A

viruses and prions

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2
Q

which 3 microorganisms have their own kingdoms

A

bacteria protista and fungi

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3
Q

what is the structure of a standard bacteria

A

nucelus has no membranę, circular and free floating
flagella for locomotion
pili and fimbriae - aid adhesion to host cells in gram negative
capsule or slime layer - polysaccharide layer to protect from phagocytosis
endospores - metabolically inert form of bacteria - protects them in times of stress

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4
Q

what are the 4 types of flagella

A

montrichous - single at back
lophotrikhous - multiple at back
amphitrichiois - one either side
peritrichious - lots all over

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5
Q

what is the india ink test

A

slime capsule absorbs it and shows up as dark

capsule excludes india ink when died

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6
Q

what are the categories when classifying bacteria

A
gram stain 
shape 
endospores 
atmospheric preference 
fastidiousness 
key enzymes
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7
Q

what is the difference between gram positive and gram negative

A

takes up crystal violet and turns purple (contains peptidoglycan)

negative has little peptidoglycan which counter stains pink

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8
Q

when classifying bacteria what does atmospheric preference mean

A

aerobic, anaerobic, facultative (both)
microaerophiles (prefer reduced O2)
capnophiles (prefer increased O2)

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9
Q

what are he 4 types of bacterial replication

A

binary fission
conjugation
transformation
transduction

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10
Q

what happens during binary fission

A

produce identical daughter cells
produce FtsZ ring which contracts to produce two cells
exponential process
(this process is a target for antibacterial agents)

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11
Q

what is doubling time

A

time take for one cell to split into two

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12
Q

what happens during conjugation

A

genetic variation

transfer of transposable elements such as circular plasmids - sex plus forms and plasmid is now in each daughter cells

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13
Q

what happens during transformation

A

picking up genetic material from environment - more variation - allows trasnfer of antibiotic resistance

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14
Q

what happens during transduction

A

transfer of generic information via viral vector

introduce eugenic diversity

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15
Q

what characteristic is shared by all fungi

A

eukaryotic and cell wall made of chitin

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16
Q

what are the two types of fungus

A

yeast

mould (filamentous)

17
Q

what is the structure of yeasts

A

grow and multiple by budding - most common is thrush by C albicans
single eukaryotic, bud scar, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole, lipid granules

18
Q

what is the structure of moulds

A

grow in mats of tiny filaments known as hyphae that from mycelia
eg mouldy bread - penicillin spp

19
Q

what can hyphae be divided into

20
Q

describe the process of fungal replication

A

asexual or sexual
asexual - non genetic diversity using spores undergoing mitosis

sexual - plasmogamy (haploid) goes to karyogamy (nuclei fuse to from diploid zygote) then undergoes meiosis (haploid spores formed) - produces unique mycelium

21
Q

what are two types of parasites

A

protozoa - unicellular eukaryotic

helminths (animalia) - worms

22
Q

what are protozoa classified by and give examples

A
morphology and locomotion 
flagellates 
amoebae - change shape 
ciliates - move due to cilia 
apicxomplexa or sporozoa
23
Q

how do protozoa replication

A

asexually (fission)
but can sexually exchange information via conjugation (not with reproduction)
occurs in host, may require more than one host to complete life cycle
may from hardy cysts

24
Q

what are viruses

A

obligate intracellular parasite (require host)

made of nucleic acid core wrapped in protein coat (some have envelope (lipid) and other are naked)

25
what are the steps in a virus life cycle
attachment/penetration - virus attaches via protein on its surface and enters via endocytosis uncaring - genome released from capsid early viral proteins produced - these allow replication and regulation genome replication - DNA -> mRNA late viral proteins produced - structural proteins of virus occurs in ribosomes virion assembly - from nucelocaspid, viral proteins concentrated at caspid
26
what are the two types of virion release
lytic - bursts cells - kills host | lysogenic - bacteriophage, does not damage host as integrates DNA into hosts and replicates
27
where does replication occur for RNA viruses
primarily in the cytoplasm - non reliant on host
28
where does replication occur for retroviruses
uses host replication system eg HIV (integration)
29
how do we classify viruses
RNA (positive or negative sense) or DNA (double or singel stranded) symmetry or dimensions of caspid presence of an envelope
30
what are prions
misfiled proteins - no genetic material can be inherited, spread or occur spontaneously aggregate and cause misfiling of native proteins = chain reaction affecting brain
31
what are 3 examples of prions diseases
CJD BSE (mad cow disease) Scrapie - from cows and sheep