Tumour Markers Flashcards
Differences between flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry?
- Flow cytometry
1. Rapid (hrs)
2. Limited morphological correlation
3. Difficult to defer/ send out
4. Can be washed
5. Can assess more markers at once
6. Quantitative - IHC
1. Less rapid (1-2 days)
2. Good architectural correlation
3. Can be sent out
4. Cant be washed
5. Limited to double or triple labelling single antibody
What is BCL-2?
- Proto-oncogene
- t(14;18) => Follicular lymphoma
What is Cyclin D1?
- Tumour suppressor
- t(11;14) => Mantle cell lymphoma
- Also associated with myelomas
What is p53?
- Tumour suppressor
- Associated with lymphomas
What is MYC?
- Proto oncogene
- Associated with Burkitt’s Lymphoma = t(8;14) c-Myc gene
B Cell lymphoma tumour markers?
CD79a and CD20 (e.g CD20 in Diffuse large B cell lymphoma)
T Cell lymphoma tumour markers?
CD3
Hodgkin cell tumour markers?
CD15 and CD30
Mantle Cell lymphoma tumour markers?
Cyclin D1
Follicular Lymphoma tumour markers?
CD10 and BCL-2
Small cell B cell lymphoma tumour markers?
CD5 and CD23
Functions of the spleen?
- Haemopoiesis
- cell sequestration
- Cell destruction
- Iron metabolism
- Antibody formation
- Phagocytosis
Causes of splenomegaly?
- Congestive
- Liver cirrhosis
- Portal vein thrombus - Blood and marrow disorder
- Lymphoma and Leukaemia
- Haemolytic anaemia
- Myelofibrosis
- Myeloproliferative disorders - Collagen vascular disease
- Storage disorders
- Amyloidosis
- Infections
Causes of splenic atrophy?
- Old age
- Sickle cell disease
- Coeliac disease
Functions of the Thymus?
- Differentiation of T cells.
Causes of Thymic enlargement?
- Myasthenia gravis
- Neoplasms
- Thymomas
- Lymphomas
- Germ cell tumour
- Carcinoid tumour
What are myeloproliferative disorders?
- Neoplasms of the myeloid stem cells line
- Pathogenesis: Activates mutation in gene coding for Tyrosine Kinases (JAK2 Gene)
- Concept: An excess of one cell type which may cause a deficit of other cell types.
Classification/Examples of MPD’s?
- CML
- Myelofibrosis
- Polycythaemia rubra vera
- Essential thrombocythaemia/thrombocytosis
How may MPD’s present?
What is the concept of MPD presentation?
- Anaemia
- Infection
- Bleeding/thrombosis
- Hyperviscosity syndrome
- Hyperuricaemia
- spleen infarction
An excess of one cell type can decrease other cell types.
The high content of one cell type can cause symptoms
What is myelofibrosis?
Scarring/fibrosis of the bone marrow.
- Loss of marrow cells
- Enlarged spleen
- Enlarged liver
Can be primary or secondary
What is polycythaemia?
Increased volume of red blood cells
Can be primary or secondary
What carcinomas are carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA) a TM for?
Colon, breast, stomach, pancreas.
What cancer is HCG a TM for?
Choriocarcinoma
What is AFP a TM for?
Hepatocellular carcinoma.
Yolk sac tumours.
What is PSA a TM for?
Prostatic carcinoma.
What are S100P and Melan A TM’s for?
Melanoma.
Common tumour marker for lymphoma?
CD45
Common tumour marker for sarcoma?
Vimentin.
Why do the elderly have an increased risk of cancer?
- More time for carcinogens to cause mutations
- Immunosuppressed
- Less lymphoid tissue.
What are the 3 cell types in terms of proliferation?
- Labile Cells
- Rapid prolif and high turnover rate (e.g skin, GIT) - Stable cells
- Lower rate of prolif and lower turnover rate. Tend to prolif. only when damaged. (e.g Liver)
- Spend most time in G0. - Permanent cells
- Dont prolif.
- Tend to heal by scarring when damaged. (e.g Neurones, muscle cells)
