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FIP > Tumour Markers > Flashcards

Tumour Markers Flashcards

1
Q

Differences between flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry?

A
  • Flow cytometry
    1. Rapid (hrs)
    2. Limited morphological correlation
    3. Difficult to defer/ send out
    4. Can be washed
    5. Can assess more markers at once
    6. Quantitative
  • IHC
    1. Less rapid (1-2 days)
    2. Good architectural correlation
    3. Can be sent out
    4. Cant be washed
    5. Limited to double or triple labelling single antibody
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2
Q

What is BCL-2?

A
  • Proto-oncogene

- t(14;18) => Follicular lymphoma

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3
Q

What is Cyclin D1?

A
  • Tumour suppressor
  • t(11;14) => Mantle cell lymphoma
  • Also associated with myelomas
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4
Q

What is p53?

A
  • Tumour suppressor

- Associated with lymphomas

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5
Q

What is MYC?

A
  • Proto oncogene

- Associated with Burkitt’s Lymphoma = t(8;14) c-Myc gene

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6
Q

B Cell lymphoma tumour markers?

A

CD79a and CD20 (e.g CD20 in Diffuse large B cell lymphoma)

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7
Q

T Cell lymphoma tumour markers?

A

CD3

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8
Q

Hodgkin cell tumour markers?

A

CD15 and CD30

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9
Q

Mantle Cell lymphoma tumour markers?

A

Cyclin D1

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10
Q

Follicular Lymphoma tumour markers?

A

CD10 and BCL-2

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11
Q

Small cell B cell lymphoma tumour markers?

A

CD5 and CD23

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12
Q

Functions of the spleen?

A
  1. Haemopoiesis
  2. cell sequestration
  3. Cell destruction
  4. Iron metabolism
  5. Antibody formation
  6. Phagocytosis
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13
Q

Causes of splenomegaly?

A
  1. Congestive
    - Liver cirrhosis
    - Portal vein thrombus
  2. Blood and marrow disorder
    - Lymphoma and Leukaemia
    - Haemolytic anaemia
    - Myelofibrosis
    - Myeloproliferative disorders
  3. Collagen vascular disease
  4. Storage disorders
  5. Amyloidosis
  6. Infections
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14
Q

Causes of splenic atrophy?

A
  1. Old age
  2. Sickle cell disease
  3. Coeliac disease
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15
Q

Functions of the Thymus?

A
  1. Differentiation of T cells.
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16
Q

Causes of Thymic enlargement?

A
  1. Myasthenia gravis
  2. Neoplasms
    - Thymomas
    - Lymphomas
    - Germ cell tumour
    - Carcinoid tumour
17
Q

What are myeloproliferative disorders?

A
  • Neoplasms of the myeloid stem cells line
  • Pathogenesis: Activates mutation in gene coding for Tyrosine Kinases (JAK2 Gene)
  • Concept: An excess of one cell type which may cause a deficit of other cell types.
18
Q

Classification/Examples of MPD’s?

A
  1. CML
  2. Myelofibrosis
  3. Polycythaemia rubra vera
  4. Essential thrombocythaemia/thrombocytosis
19
Q

How may MPD’s present?

What is the concept of MPD presentation?

A
  1. Anaemia
  2. Infection
  3. Bleeding/thrombosis
  4. Hyperviscosity syndrome
  5. Hyperuricaemia
  6. spleen infarction

An excess of one cell type can decrease other cell types.
The high content of one cell type can cause symptoms

20
Q

What is myelofibrosis?

A

Scarring/fibrosis of the bone marrow.

  • Loss of marrow cells
  • Enlarged spleen
  • Enlarged liver

Can be primary or secondary

21
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

Increased volume of red blood cells

Can be primary or secondary

22
Q

What carcinomas are carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA) a TM for?

A

Colon, breast, stomach, pancreas.

23
Q

What cancer is HCG a TM for?

A

Choriocarcinoma

24
Q

What is AFP a TM for?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Yolk sac tumours.

25
Q

What is PSA a TM for?

A

Prostatic carcinoma.

26
Q

What are S100P and Melan A TM’s for?

A

Melanoma.

27
Q

Common tumour marker for lymphoma?

A

CD45

28
Q

Common tumour marker for sarcoma?

A

Vimentin.

29
Q

Why do the elderly have an increased risk of cancer?

A
  • More time for carcinogens to cause mutations
  • Immunosuppressed
  • Less lymphoid tissue.
30
Q

What are the 3 cell types in terms of proliferation?

A
  1. Labile Cells
    - Rapid prolif and high turnover rate (e.g skin, GIT)
  2. Stable cells
    - Lower rate of prolif and lower turnover rate. Tend to prolif. only when damaged. (e.g Liver)
    - Spend most time in G0.
  3. Permanent cells
    - Dont prolif.
    - Tend to heal by scarring when damaged. (e.g Neurones, muscle cells)

FIP (10 decks)

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