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EMS MOD > tumour classification > Flashcards

tumour classification Flashcards

1
Q

what do most tumour names include?

A

the suffix ‘oma’

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2
Q

how do we subclassify tumours?

A

on a variety of things
benign or malignant
primary or secondary
histological origin - the tissue type that the tumour has originated from

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3
Q

why do we classify tumours?

A

it outlines treatment options
determines prognosis
characterises the lesions behaviours

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4
Q

what are the four types of tissue and extra type that make up histological classification?

A 
epithelium 
connective tissue 
muscle 
nervous tissue 
extra is marrow
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5
Q

what is the most common histological tissue origin?

A

epithelial

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6
Q

what is epithelial tissue and an example?

A

it is the tissue that lines surfaces and an example is mesenchymal

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7
Q

what is connective tissue?

A

bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and fat

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8
Q

where do haematological malignancies arise from?

A

different components that make up the blood - marrow

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9
Q

how do we name benign epithelial tumours?

A

if it is secretory glandular then will be an ademona and if it is non secretory then is a papilloma

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10
Q

what are the types of simple epithelial cell?

A

simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar or pseudostratified

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11
Q

what are the types of stratified epithelial cell?

A

transitional, cuboidal, columnar, squamus or keratinised squamous

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12
Q

how would colonic crypts be identified in histology and why?

A

they are white spots and this is because they contain mucus too lubricate the stools

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13
Q

what is an example of a non secretory benign epithelial tumour?

A

skin lesions of squamous epithelium or urothelial cell

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14
Q

how are tumours then further identified from papilloma and adenoma?

A

the cell type of origin is identified - glandular tissue of origin for adenomas such as colonic or thyroid

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15
Q

why is a urothelial cell papilloma non secretory?

A

it is in the bladder but only stores urine does not secrete

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16
Q

what are malignant epithelial tumours?

A

carcinomas - secretory would be an adenocarcinoma

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17
Q

`why is it important to specify the epithelium of adenocarcinoma?

A

they can arise from glandular epithelium such as lung adenocarcinomas or colorectal

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18
Q

how do you name non glandular carcinomas?

A

specify the epithelial cell types such as basal cell carcinoma

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19
Q

what are the two most common types of epithelial carcinoma?

A

basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma

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20
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

it is disordered maturation and nuclei changes

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21
Q

what is a carcinoma in situ?

A

it is a carcinoma that has not invaded through the basement membrane but will invade if no treatment

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22
Q

what precedes carcinoma in situ?

A

dyplasia - becomes dysplastic before invasion

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23
Q

where is carcinoma in situ common?

A

in the cervix

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24
Q

how do we name mesenchymal tumours?

A

they are also ‘omas’ but with benign it will have a prefix of the tissue of origin and same with malignant but this is sarcomna

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25
Q

what are the prefixes for smooth and skeletal muscle, adipose, blood vessels, bone, cartilage and fibrous?

A 
smooth - leiomyo 
skeletal - rhabdomyo 
adipose - lipo
blood vessels - angio 
bone - osteo 
cartilage - chondro
fibrous - fibro
26
Q

what is a mole?

A

it is an exception to the naming rules - it is a benign melanocytic lesion/melanocytic naevus. There are many subtypes and most are benign but some do have malignant potential

27
Q

what is another exception to naming rules?

A

malignant melanoma - this is in situ but cannot be left as is pre-invasive. It is dark, irregular and has different textures, and the melanoma is under the epidermis

28
Q

what is a mesothelioma?

A

it is an exception to the naming rules - it is a tumour of the pleura that lines the lung. There is no benign counter parts and they are mainly fatal

29
Q

what are common types of tumours the CNS?

A

meningioma (tumour in meninges lining the brain), glioma (in the glial supporting cells) and pituitary tumours

30
Q

where do neurons form tumours?

A

in the PNS but generally not the CNS

31
Q

why do brain tumours cause problems?

A

due to the restricted space within the skull

32
Q

does tumour metastasis happen in the brain?

A

often tumours from elsewhere will metastasise to the brain but it is uncommon for brain tumour to metastasise elsewhere due to the blood brain barrier

33
Q

where do germ cell tumours arise from?

A

the germ cells that are found in the gonads (ovaries and testes).

34
Q

why might a tumour occur in the midline?

A

germ cells originate in the midline and then migrate to the gonads and therefore if there are any left in the midline they can form a tumour

35
Q

what is germ cell nomenclature based on?

A

the gonad or the differentiation

36
Q

what is a seminoma and a dysgerminoma?

A

seminoma is a tumour of the sperm cell of testes and dygerminoma is a tumour of the ovaries

37
Q

what is a choriocarcinoma?

A

malignant tumour of the placenta

38
Q

what is unique about teratomas?

A

they can differentiate into different tissue types and therefore can form hair and teeth in them

39
Q

what is a paediatric tumour?

A

it is a blastoma

40
Q

what do embryonal tumours look like?

A

they are small round blue cells - very similar in similar locations and therefore have to do genetic testing as cannot just identify through morphology

41
Q

what are common embryonal tumours?

A

nephro, hepato, neuro, retinoblastomas

42
Q

what do tumours form in embryos?

A

rosettes

43
Q

where do medullobastomas originate?

A

the brainstem

44
Q

how can retinoblastomas be identified?

A

by taking a photo of the child’s eye

45
Q

what are three types of haematological malignancy?

A

leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma

46
Q

what is leukaemia?

A

it is a malignant growth from the marrow or the bone - overgrowth of a certain type of red blood cell

47
Q

What is a distinguishing presentation of a haematological malignancy?

A

pepper pot skull in myeloma

48
Q

what is a myeloma?

A

tumour of the plasma cells - generally not solid tumours

49
Q

what is lymphoma?

A

there are many subtypes but is of the nodes or other solid tissues - overgrowth of the lymphocytes within lymph nodes

50
Q

what happens to hodgkins and non hodgkins lymphoma?

A

they split into t and b cells

51
Q

what is a presentation of lymphoma?

A

abnormally enlarged lymph nodes - need to biopsy

52
Q

what are symptoms of haematological malignancies related to?

A

the fact that the body produces ABs

53
Q

what is a hamartoma?

A

it is a non-neoplastic overgrowth of tissue that has a mixture of tissues of different origins. The tissue types are disorganised and can compress things and cause problems. They are benign tumour like lesions that are indigenous to a site but are a disorganised mass such as bronchial epithelium and cartilage in a lung hamartoma

54
Q

what is a cyst?

A

it is a fluid filled space that is always lined by epithelium. It can be malignant or benign so can become invasive and neoplastic.

55
Q

how is a compound tumour named?

A

it used the prefixes of all tissue types such as angiolipoma is a blood vessel and adipose tissue benign tumour.

56
Q

how would a malignant epithelial and stromal tumour be named?

A

malignant epithelial is carcinoma
malignant stromal is sarcoma
therefore is a carcinosarcoma

57
Q

what is a primary tumour?

A

when the tumour is at the site of origin

58
Q

what is a secondary tumour?

A

when the primary tumour has turned metastatic and has spread to another site via lymph, blood or body cavities

59
Q

how can you identify where it has originated if poorly differentiated?

A

biopsy, immunohistochemistry, examination and imaging

60
Q

what is immunohistochemistry?

A

it is staining cells to see which proteins are expressed and therefore identifying the origin

EMS MOD (28 decks)

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